Molecular simulation was used to study the interaction between template molecule and functional monomer to shorten the optimization time for the functional monomer and the ratio of functional monomer and template molecule.Kaempferol molecularly imprinted polymerization (MIP) monolithic column was therefore synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization with dibenzyltrithiocarbonate (DBTTC) and ethyleneglycoldim ethacrylate (EDMA) as RAFT and cross-linking agent, respectively, whereas methacrylic acid (MAA) was the optimal functional monomer with the molar ratio of kaempferol/MAA of 1∶4 from molecular simulation results.The results indicate that molecular simulation is useful to simplify the experimental procedure, and DBTTC as RAFT agent can provide more adjustable and better MIP monolithic column.

Bacterial antitumor therapy has great application potential given its unique characteristics, including genetic manipulation, tumor targeting specificity and immune system modulation. However, the nonnegligible side effects and limited efficacy of clinical treatment limit their biomedical applications. Engineered bacteria for therapeutic applications ideally need to avoid their accumulation in normal organs and possess potent antitumor activity. Here, we show that macrophage-mediated tumor-targeted delivery of Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 can effectively reduce the toxicity caused by administrating VNP20009 alone in a melanoma mouse model. This benefits from tumor-induced chemotaxis for macrophages combined with their slow release of loaded strains. Inspired by changes in the tumor microenvironment, including a decrease in intratumoral dysfunctional CD8⁺ T cells and an increase in PDL1 on the tumor cell surface, macrophages were loaded with the engineered strain VNP-PD1nb, which can express and secrete anti-PD1 nanoantibodies after they are released from macrophages. This novel triple-combined immunotherapy significantly inhibited melanoma tumors by reactivating the tumor microenvironment by increasing immune cell infiltration, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, remodeling TAMs to an M1-like phenotype and prominently activating CD8⁺ T cells. These data suggest that novel combination immunotherapy is expected to be a breakthrough relative to single immunotherapy.