Background Oxidative stress is one of the pathogenesis mechanisms of diabetic complications.Melatonin is the most powerful antioxidant in living organism.Seldom study on the effects of melatonin on diabetic complications is found in China now.Objective This study aimed to detect the expression and alteration of malonadehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH)and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)in retina with experimental diabetes and explore the effects of melatonin on retinal oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Methods The animal models of diabetes were established by injection of 2％ streptozocin via caudal vein(STZ,45 mS/kg)in 48 6-week-old clean SD rats.Isometric citric acid buffer solution wag injected in 24 normal.rats as control group.Seven days after injection of STZ,melatonin(10 mg/kg)was injected into the abdominal cavity of 24 diabetic rats in melatonin group dailv,and the equal volume of normal saline was injected in other 24 diabetic rats(model rats)and 24 rats in normal control group.The animals were sacrificed and retinas were obtained in three groups in 4,6 and 8 weeks respectively.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of GFAP in rat retina.The levels of MDA and GSH in retina homogenate were assayed by spectrophotometer.This experiment complied the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The expression of GSH in model group was lower than that in melatonin group or control group at 4,6 and 8 weeks (all P<0.05).However,no statistically significant difference was seen in the expression level of GSH between melatonin group and normal control group at 4 and 6 weeks(P>0.05),and in the eighth week,expression of GSH in melatonin group was lower than that in control group(P<0.05).The expressions of MDA and GFAP were more prominent in the model group than in melatonin group and control group in 4,6 and 8 weeks(P<0.05),but no significant difference was found between melatonin group and control group at 4 and 6 weeks(P>0.05).The expressions of MDA and GFAP in melatonin group were higher than those in control group at 8 weeks(P<0.05).Conclusion Melatonin plays a powerful effect in protecting the retina from oxidative stress in diabetes retina by downregulating the MDA level,upregulating GSH level and inhibiting GFAP expression.

To study the function and mechanism of the NgR-Rhoa- Rock signal pathways which exists in the retinal ganglion cells apoptosis in diabetes mellitus (DM) rats.
● METHODS: Some healthy SD rats were operated by means of single intraperitoneal injection of 1%streptozotocin based on the standard of 50mg/ kg wight, after that the blood sugar value was greater than 16. 7mmol/ L as DM model, then randomly divided into 3 groups, each group was 10 rats. ln addition to take 10 healthy SD rats as control group. Four groups of rats were bilaterally eyeball intravitreal injection in turn with NgR-siRNA virus 10μ L (siRNA group), NgR-siRNA virus diluted 10μ L ( DM group), NgR - siRNA virus - negative -control solution 10μ L (siRNA blank group), NgR- siRNA virus diluted 10μ L ( normal control group ), and fed normally. During that time, some life indexes like blood glucose, body mass, etc. were measured and recorded. After 12wk, the expression of NgR and Rhoa, HE staining, and TUNNEL staining were detected by Western blot analysis.
● RESULTS: Western blot analysis: compared with normal control group, the expression of NgR and Rhoa in DM group and siRNA blank group increased significantly (P<0. 01), while siRNA group was no significant change (P > 0. 05); compared with DM group and siRNA blank group, the expression of those proteins significantly lowered in siRNA group. HE staining: compared with normal control group, some extent ganglion cells arranged disorder, irregular shape, spacing not consistent were all found in three groups of model rats;compared with DM group and siRNA blank group, there was some improvement in siRNA group of ganglion cells about the order and shape size. TUNEL staining:compared with normal control group, there were retinal ganglion cells apoptosis in all of three groups of model rats. Compared with DM group and siRNA blank group, the number of retinal ganglion cells apoptotic cells was less, and the shape of cells had improved significantly in siRNA group.
●CONCLUSlON: ln the DM phase, the expression of NgR and Rhoa were up - regulation, the condition of diabetic retinal ganglion cell apoptosis was improved after that the NgR-Rhoa-Rock signal pathways had been inhibited.

Objective To observe the preliminary clinical results and safety of 27-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery for partial vitreoretinal diseases.Methods A total of 13 patients (13 eyes) who underwent 27-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery were enrolled.The follow-up period was 6 to 12 months.Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity and intraocular,total operative time,cutting time for removing vitreous,wound healing status,intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.Results Mean best corrected visual acuity improved from preoperative (1.26±0.66) logMAR (0.10±0.09) to postoperative (0.63±0.52) logMAR (0.35±0.24),and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.743,P=0.018).The difference of mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP),IOP of postoperative day 1,day 5,one month and final postoperative visit were not statistically significant (F=0.593,P＞0.05).The mean total operative and cutting times were (36.38±14.97) min and (10.12±3.54) min respectively.Postoperative scleral incision showed linear closure,no cases of postoperative sclerotomyrelated complications such as wound dehiscence,vitreous incarceration and subcoujunctival fluid were observed.No intraoperative and postoperative complications of iatrogenic retinal breaks,endophthalmitis,choroidal detachment,retinal detachment and vitrous hemorrhage were observed.Conclusions The 27-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery can improve postoperative visual acuity for treatment of vitreoretinal diseases and induce fewer sclerotomyrelated complications,which maybe a safer surgical approach.

HIV and AIDS remain as the crucial global health concern, therefore, research and development of novel anti-HIV-1 chemical therapeutics is still of paramount significance, which may be illuminated by cases of successful marketed drugs. Herein, we document the discovery and biological profile of new anti-HIV-1 drugs approved by FDA between 2005 and 2008 and some drug candidates are also discussed.

This article described systematically the design basis,passing standard and influential factor of test score of the assessment scale of simulated clinical skills examination.Through developing and modifying OSCE examination scale design for many years,we have found that the use of 360-degree assessment for designing OSCE assessment rating scale can effectively reduce the impact on the score of examinee owing to the environment,the candidates,raters and question design,which has an important role for scientific development of OSCE assessment scales,as well as improving the reliability and validity for development of a scientific OSCE assessment.

Halitosis ; etiology ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections ; complications ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Oral Hygiene ; Periodontal Diseases ; complications ; Smoking ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; metabolism

Background The characters of diabetic retinopathy (DR) include capillary occlusion,microcirculation disturbance and retina neovascularization near ischemic areas of the retina.The pathogenic mechanism is still incompletely clear,but the primary mechanism of DR is the change of permeability of retinal blood capillary.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lycium bararum polysaccharides (LBP) on the blood glucose,blood fat and permeability of blood-retinal barrier in diabetic rats.Methods Fifty-four clean adult SD rats were randomized into 4 groups.The diabetes mellitus models were created in 36 SD rats by injection of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin(STZ) via caudal vein.The rats with the blood glucose ＞ 16.7 mol/L were defined as the diabetic mellitus in 72 hours after injection.LBP of 200 rmg/( kg · d) was intragastriccally administered in 18 models once a day in LBP group,and equal volume of normal sodium was used at the same way in 18 models in DM group,and 18 normal rats were as normal control group.The rats were killed in 4,8 and 12 weeks respectively for the detect of blood glucose level,triglyceride,total cholesterol.The retina tissue were isolated for the quantification of vascular permeability using Evans blue method.Results The blood glucose level was significantly elevated in the DM group and LBP group compared with normal control group,and that in LBP group was obviously declined in comparison with the DM group with a 57％,40％,36％ fall off in 4,8,12 weeks respectively,showing a statistically significant differences( P＜0.05 ).The triglyceride concentration was considerably raised in the DM group compared with normal control group in all of the time points( P＜0.01 ),however,the rise of triglyceride concentration was found only in 12 weeks in LBP group(P＜0.05).The cholesterol level was increased in 8 and 12 weeks in DM group compared with normal control group and that of LBP group went up only in 12 weeks (P＜0.0l ).The Evans blue contents in dry retina tissue were(26.23±2.00),(29.78± 1.78 ) and( 34.08±3.03 ) μg/g in 4,8,12 weeks in the DM group,and those of LBP were ( 13.27 ±0.77 ),( 18.01 ± 1.77 ),( 25.05 ±:1.50 ) μg/g,showing statistical differences between two groups ( P＜0.01 ).However,in comparison with normal control group ( 12.34 ±4.30,12.76 ± 2.11,12.45 ±4.40 μg/g),the Even blue content were elevated in various time points (P＜0.01 ).Conclusions LBP can suppress the increase of the blood-retinal barrier permeability in STZ-induced diabetic rat by lowing the levels of blood glucose,triglyceride and total cholesterol.These results suggest that LBP has a therapeutical effect on DR.

Objective To discuss the role of leukocyte activation and inflammatory processes in the disease of chronic venous insufficiency(CVI).Methods The relevant literatures about the role of leukocyte activation and in- flammatory reaction in CVI were reviewed.Results The role of inflammatory reaction in occurrence and develop- ment of venous diseases has been studied a lot in recent years.It was found that the leukocyte activation and inflam- matory reaction are involved in the structural remodeling of venous valves and walls,leading to valvular incompe- tence and formation of varicose veins.Conclusion Leukocyte activation and inflammatory processes take important roles in the occurrence and progression of CVI.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ethyl docosahexaenoate on brain oxidative injury and edema induced by cerebral ischemic/reperfusion in gerbils. Methods The gerbils were subjected to both common carotid arteries occlusion. The contents of MDA and GSH, the activities of GSH-PX, CAT, SOD and ATPase, the water content and the concentrations of Na + and Ca 2+ were measured. Histopathological examination was also done. Results The pretreatment with E-DHA significantly prevented the raise of MDA level, the decline of GSH content, the activities of GSH-Px, CAT, ATPase and the increases of Ca 2+, Na + and water content. Conclusion E-DHA has protective effect on brain ischemic injury and edema, which may be due to an inhibitory action on hydroxyl radical formation and brain edema.

Objective To observe the anesthesia and recovery results of sevoflrane and remifentanil combined anesthesia in open or laparoscopic surgeries. Methods 60 cases of ordinary surgeries from the department of gynecology and general surgeries were included in this study with 30 cases in each group. (1)recording total sevoflurane inhalation time, muscular relaxant amount, end tidal sevoflurane concentration;(2)recording BP,HR at 10 min after induction,operation staring and ending,ventilation recovery, opening eye and extubation period;also sevoflurane concentration 5 min after stopping medicine and ventilation recovery;recording time period between surgery ending and autonomous respiration recovery , eye opening and extubation. Results No any adverse events happen in each patient.the sevoflurane inhalation time in open surgery group was (157.20 ± 47.28) min, longer than that of laparoscopic surgeries group (73.50 ± 11.23)min(P<0.05), we had seen no statistical significance in all other index observed (P>0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane combined remifentanil anesthesia can achieve stable intra-operative maintenance and rapid postoperative recovery quality , we suggest the widespread usage of it in clinic.