Fatigue is one of the most common complaints in cancer patients that profoundly affects all aspects of quality of life.However,cancer-related fatigue remains under recognized and poorly treated.This rcview has been conducted with the causes and potential treatments of fatigue in cancer patients.The methods for evaluating fatigue,and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.

Children with plastic bronchitis,characterized by unknown origin,insidious onset,rapid progress,severe symptom and high mortality,is a relatively rare disease.Also,it is difficult to diagnose and treat with plastic bronchitis characterized by marked airway obstruction,via the formation of large gelatinous or rigid airway cast.It is associated with certain diseases including bronchial asthma,cystic fibrosis,accompanied with acute chest syndrome with sickle cell disease,congenital heart disease and bacterial and viral respiratory infection.Clinicians should be aware of this disease,and early bronchoscopy should be intervened.

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a common pathological and physiological clinical oculopathy,which can occur in retinal artery and vein occlusion,diabetic retinopathy and acute angle-closure glaucoma.The resulting ischemia can cause cell metabolic dysfunction,serious retinal damage and descending visual function.RIRI is the result of multiple factors.The currently accepted hypotheses mainly include the injury effect of oxygen-derived free radicals,intracellular calcium overload,the action of leucocyte and apoptosis.However the protection and treatment research in the RIRI is limited.The present paper reviews the progression in the drug intervention of RIRI.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of diabetic foot (DF) and the normal,high and low ankle brachial index (ABI) in type 2 diabetic patients and explore the risk factor for abnormal ABI and the clinical predictive value for DF.Methods A total of 2681 type 2 diabetic patients who visited our hospital between January,2007 to December,2009 were enrolled in the study.The clinical data were analyzed and the risk factors for abnormal ABI were determined by logistic regression analysis.Results ABI was normal (0.9-＜ 1.3) in 2362 cases (88.1％),while below 0.9 in 277 cases (10.3％) and equal or over 1.3 in 42 cases (1.6％).The elderly patients (≥ 60 years) had a higher prevalence of low ABI than the non-elderly patients(20.41％ vs.4.10％,P ＜ 0.01).The prevalence of DF was 25.63％,3.05％,26.19％ in ABI ＜ 0.9,0.9-＜ 1.3 and ≥ 1.3 groups,respectively,and the prevalence in groups ABI ＜ 0.9 and ≥ 1.3 was higher than that in group ABI 0.9-＜ 1.3.Similar U-shape distribution was observed in the prevalence of abnormal ABI and DF.ABI was negatively correlated with age,diabetes duration,uric acid (UA),24 hours microalbuminuria,while positively correlated with body mass index (BMI),diastolic blood pressure,triacylglyceride,total cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).Abnormal ABI was independently correlated with age,diabetes duration,HbA1c,UA,24 hours microalbuminuria,diabetic kidney disease,diabetic retinopathy,diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic vascular diseases.Conclusion The prevalence of abnormal ABI is higher in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Abnormal ABI could be an early predictor for DF.

Objective To investigate the association between Down's syndrome(DS) and congenital heart diseases(CHD).Methods A total of 575 cases with DS from Jan.1997 to Mar.2013 in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were recruited.Retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence and types of CHD in DS children,the relationship between the karyotype of DS and the types of CHD,and pulmonary hypertension (PH) and operation treatment.Results There were 370 cases(64.35％,370/575 cases) with CHD in 575 cases with DS.Among the 370 cases of CHD,322 cases (87.03 ％) were septal defects.In which,57 cases (15.41％) were atrial septal defects,36 cases (9.72％) were ventricular septal defects,12 cases (3.24％) were atrioventricular septal defects,and 157 cases(47.30％) were complex septal defects.Forty-eight cases(12.97％,48/370 cases) were nonseptal defect types of CHD (including patent ductus arteriosus,tetralogy of Fallot,double outlet right ventricle,pulmonary atresia,and so on).There was no statistical significance between the karyotype of DS and the types of CHD.There were 246 cases(66.49％,246/370 cases) with PH.Seventy cases(18.92％,70/370 cases) had interventional or surgical operations.All of them had descending pulmonary artery pressure after operation.Forty cases had other malformations such as gastrointestinal tract malformation,polydactylism / polydactyly,visual impairment,and so on.Conclusions The most common type of CHD with DS was atrial septal defect,and the second one was ventricular septal defect.There was no relationship between the karyotype of DS and the types of CHD.The patients with CHD in DS were prone to develop PH.So the comprehensive treatment plan should be developed as early as possible.

Integrative Chinese and western medicine therapy exhibited their achievements in reducing adverse reactions, improving the quality of life and prolonging the survival of the primary liver cancer (PLC) patients, which are reflected in the results of surgery, interventional therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, recurrence and metastasis, promoting the liver cell apoptosis, and enhancing the effect of western medicine therapy. This article mainly overviews the current situation of clinical and experimental researches.

The incidence of gastric cancer is in the fourth place of all cancers in worldwide ,and the fatal-ity rate is in the second place .Standard chemotherapy regimens play an important role in prolonging gastric cancer survival rate.However,most of gastric cancers are in advanced stage when diagnose is finally made .The current medical practice can only meet the limited treatment options .In the last several decades ,study of the molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer gets constant new progress .By inhibiting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(Her-2)for advanced gastric cancer,it provides a new treatment for patients.Trastuzumab is a kind of Her -2 monoclonal antibody .It is the first kind of targeted therapy drug for the treatment of metastatic gastric cancer .A combination of trastuzumab with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy benefits gastric cancer overall survival.Overexpression of Her -2 provides evidence for the targeted therapy .So we reviewed Her -2 excessive expression of gastric carcinoma in recent years and represented by bead sheet resistance to targeted therapy .In this paper ,research of overpression of Her -2 and targeted threrapy in gastric cancer are summarized .

Objective To investigate the surgical treatment of Maisonneuve injury associated with posterior malleolus fracture under direct visualization via the posterolateral approach.Methods Between January 2008 and June 2015,27 patients with Maisonneuve injury associated with posterior malleolus fracture were treated at our department.They were 18 men and 9 women,aged from 20 to 60 years (average,40.1 years).All fractures and syndesmoses received open reduction under direct visualization and internal fixation via the posterolateral approach.The posterior malleolus fractures were fixed with screws or plate and the syndesmoses fixed using cortical bone screws.Functional results were evaluated using the Baird-Jackson ankle scoring system.Results The patients were followed up for 8 to 30 months (average,18 months).No wound infection,necrosis,dehiscence,lose of reduction or implant failure was found during follow-up visits.All cases got bony union at the last visit.The excellent and good rate was 92.6％.Conclusion Since the posterolateral approach allows good access to the Maisonneuve injury and posterior malleolus fracture under direct visualization,it facilitates accurate direct fracture reduction,stable fixation and early exercise.

Objective To assess the association of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-174C/G and-572C/G gene polymorphisms with hy-pertension risk.Methods The electronic databases,such as Pubmed,Web of Science,Google scholar,China National Knowl-edge Infrastrure and Wanfang database were searched by the interleukin-6,polymorphism,IL-6,hypertension,high blood pressure as the keywords/abstract.Random effect model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratio.Results The meta-a-nalysis included 6 studies with 1 041 hypertension cases and 1 088 health subjects,which was no significant association be-tween IL-6-174C/G gene polymorphism and hypertension (C vs G:OR=0.50,95%CI=0.22~ 1.14,P =0.10),and in the stratified analysis by ethnicity,no significant was found in Asian subgroup (C vs G:OR=0.75,95%CI=0.41~1.38,P =0.36).There was also no association between IL-6-572C/G gene polymorphism and hypertension in Asian (C vs G:OR =0.76,95%CI=0.51~1.15,P =0.20).Conclusion The IL-6-174C/G and-572C/G gene polymorphisms were suggested to be no related to the increased risk of hypertension in Asian.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare disorder of hematopoietic stem cells due to acquisition of somatic mutations.Somatic mutations in phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIGA) account for intravascular hemolysis and other PNH manifestations,but the pathophysiology of clonal expansion of PNH cells cannot be elucidated clearly.PNH is closely related to aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.Today,the gold standard for PNH is flow cytometry to detect the absence or severe deficiency of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins on white and red blood cells.However,PNH diagnosed by phenotype is a group of heterogeneous disease in pathogenesis.Eculizumab,a first-in-class monoclonal antibody that inhibits terminal complement,is highly effective in stopping intravascular hemolysis and improving quality of life.Further research on the pathogenesis of PNH would be helpful to understand the underlying reasons for PNH phenotype cells in different patients,improve differential diagnosis and more targeted and specific therapy.Research progress in recent years will be reviewed in this article.