Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a new kind of eytokine discovered in 2000. The major sources of IL-22 are activated T1 -cells and NK-cells. Tissue cells at outer body barriers, i.e. of the skin, kidney, the di-gestive and respiratory systems all highly express IL-22R or respond to IL-22. IL-22 functions by promoting the anti-microbial defense, inducing phase reactants, protecting against damage and enhancing natural immu-nity. Furthermore, IL-22 mediates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptesis in cancer cells, that gives us a new idea about tumor therapy.

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of combined single-access minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) and lithotripsy through flexible ureteroscope in the treatment of staghorn calculi.Methods Fifty-seven cases of renal staghom calculi underwent combined MPCNL and lithotripsy through flexible ureteroscope.The size of calculi was (2.7 cm×3.3 cm-3.8 cm × 5.2 cm),3.7 cm×4.1 cmon average.Results The success rate of stone fragmentation was 80.7% (46/57) after the first stage of operation,duration of which was 128 min on average.The average loss of blood was 80 mL (20 - 150 mL).Eleven patients with residual calculi in the middle and lower calyx were also underwent the second stage of operation after 5 - 7 days.The average operation duration of the second stage was 57 min and the total clearance rate was 93% (53/57).Four cases had a few of residual calculi with size of 0.4 - 0.8 cm and went on with the treatment of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL).Two cases were stone-free in the follow-up for 3 months.Conclusion MPCNL combined with with lithotripsy through flexible ureteroscope on the treatment of staghom calculi can decrease the therapeutic risk and complication,increase the rate of stone-free and safety.

BACKGROUND:Lymph-targeted tracing and therapy based on carbon nanotubes have been one of the hottest researches on targeting tumor diagnosis and treatment. To evaluate the accumulation of carbon nanotubes in axil ary lymph node can provide experimental evidences for developing nano-tracers and drug carriers which are more lymph-specific and more biocompatible. OBJECTIVE:To study the accumulation of the intravenously injected carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes in axil ary lymph nodes of Sprague-Dawley rats, and to evaluate their effect on blood cel s. METHODS:Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups. Rats in testing group were injected with carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes suspension (2 mg/kg), while those in control group were injected with 5%glucose solution (1 mL/kg), both through the tail vein, three times per week. Four periods of 7, 60, 90 and 120 days were set (the 120-day period referred to 90 days of administration fol owed by 30 days of drug withdrawal). At the end of each period, eight rats from each group were randomly picked out, to col ect blood samples via the abdominal aorta for blood routine test. Final y the axil ary lymph nodes were observed, and the lymph node samples of rats in the testing group were col ected and analyzed at 120 days by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, black staining of axil ary lymph nodes of rats in testing group was not obvious at the end of the 7-day period. However, with the increase of the dosing periods, the lymph nodes of the rats in the testing group became enlarged, firm and black stained, coupled with a significant rising in the percentage of blood neutrophils. After 30 days of drug withdrawal, the size of the rat axil ary lymph nodes was reduced and black staining partly faded, with the decreasing of blood neutrophil percentage. Under the transmission electron microscope, abundant carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes were uptaken by lymphocytes to form a large number of phagocytic vacuoles after drug withdrawal for 30 days. It indicates that the short-term tracing of rat axil ary lymph nodes by carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes injected through the tail vein is relatively weak, while the long-term intravenous injection can cause their accumulation in rat axil ary lymph nodes, coupled with the increase of neutrophils;after drug withdrawal, the carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes can be slowly cleared by the lymph nodes.

[Objective]To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene in the elderly Chinese Han populations of Guangzhou,and compare the frequencies of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in different populations,in order to provide accurate data for the appropriate prescription.[Methods]To detect the genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene by the DNA microarray,and compare the frequencies of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Chinese Han populations from different areas and the different races.[Results]There were 2312 case samples in our study. The allele frequencies of CYP2C19*1,CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 were 64.27%,30.75%,and 4.98%,respectively. As the genotype,EM(*1/*1)was 41.44%(n=958),IM(*1/*2,*1/*3)was 45.67%(n=1056),and PM(*2/*2,*2/*3 and*3/*3)was 12.89%(n=298). The ratios of EM and IM in Chinese Han populations from different areas and all the subtypes of the CYP2C19 genotype in different minority were statistically significant. As the races,there were difference in all the subtypes of the CYP2C19 genotype when Asian populations were compared with white races(P<1304.64)and black races(P<0.01),which was also statistically significant.[Conclusions]The distributions of the CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms were significantly different in Chinese han populations and in different races,and the main subtypes of the CYP2C19 genotype in the elderly of Chinese han populations were IM and EM,which is beneficial for prescribing appropriate in the elderly populations.

Objective To conduct mutation screening of SCN1A 3′ untranslated region (UTR) on Dravet syndrome (DS) patients without mutations in the SCN1A coding region and promoter region, and functional analysis of the variant from DS patients.Methods Twenty-eight DS patients without mutations in the SCN1A coding region and promoter region were screened for SCN1A 3′ UTR mutations using PCR and direct sequencing.Functional analysis of the detected mutation was done via luciferase assay, mRNA stability analysis and RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (RNA-EMSA).Results A novo variant (c.*20A>G) in SCN1A 3′ UTR was found in one DS patient.The variant (c.*20A>G) reduced the luciferase gene xpression by 30% through increasing the affinity of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2/cytoplasmic protein binding and reducing luciferase gene mRNA stability (t=8.5,P<0.01).Conclusions A functional variant was detected from one patient with DS.This variant negatively regulated the gene expression by increasing the affinity of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2/cytoplasmic protein binding and reducing mRNA stability.

Objectives:To analyze the correction of postoperative coronal imbalance in adult degenerative scoliosis patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery,and to explore the impact of leveling of the most tilted vertebra(L4 or L5)in the lumbosacral curve on the correction of coronal imbalance.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 61 patients(17 male and 44 female;aged 51 to 78 years,mean 63.57±8.41 years;body mass index 15.79-35.55kg/m2,mean 25.83±3.69kg/m2)who underwent degenerative scoliosis correction surgery between January 2019 and March 2023 in Tianjin Union Medical Center.The patients were catego-rized based on the Obeid classification and the length of fusion segments into concave long segment group(17 cases),concave short segment group(15 cases),convex long segment group(15 cases),and convex short seg-ment group(14 cases).Coronal radiographic parameters[Cobb angle,coronal balance distance(CBD),coronal tilt angle]and sagittal radiographic parameters(sagittal vertical axis,thoracic kyphosis,lumbar lordosis,pelvic inci-dence,pelvic tilt,sacral slope)were measured on full spine anteroposterior and lateral X-rays preoperatively and on 3d postoperatively.The postoperative coronal and sagittal imbalance corrections were compared be-tween groups.Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the correction ratio of the maximal coronal tilt angle in the lumbosacral curve(L4 or L5)and postoperative CBD.The opera-tive time,blood loss,and visual analogue scale(VAS)pre-and postoperatively were compared between the four groups.Results:The postoperative coronal Cobb angle,CBD,and maximal coronal tilt angle at L4 or L5 of the concave long segment group,convex long segment group,and convex short segment group were statisti-cally different from those before operation(P＜0.05).In the concave short segment group,the postoperative coronal Cobb angle and maximal coronal tilt angle at L4 or L5 were significantly different from those before operation(P＜0.05),while no significant difference was found between pre-and postoperative CBD(P=0.085).Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation(r=-0.570,P＜0.01)between postoperative CBD and coronal tilt correction ratio in the convex group,with the linear regression equation being postoper-ative CBD=32.81-28.38 x coronal tilt correction ratio.When the correction ratio of the maximal coronal tilt angle at L4 or L5 exceeding 45％in convex coronal malalignment patients,it's predicted that the CBD could be corrected to within 20mm.No significant correlation was found between postoperative CBD and the coronal tilt correction ratio in the concave group(r=0.098,P=0.59).Patients in both the convex and concave short segment groups had shorter operative time and less blood loss than long segment groups.Postoperative VAS scores improved significantly in all groups(P＜0.05).Conclusions:In adult degenerative scoliosis patients with convex coronal malalignment,both short and long segment fusions are capable of correcting coronal imbalance.Concave coronal malalignment patients require long segment fusion for the correction of coronal imbalance.To achieve optimal coronal balance in convex coronal malalignment patients,a correction ratio of the maximal coronal tilt angle at L4 or L5 shall exceed 45％.

Objective:To analyze the risk factors of stress urinary incontinence after transurethral enucleation of prostate.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 326 patients who underwent transurethral enucleation of prostate at the Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University due to benign prostatic hyperplasia from March 2016 to December 2019. Patients were divided into stress urinary incontinence group ( n=78) and non-stress urinary incontinence group ( n=248) according to whether there was stress urinary incontinence one week after the catheter was removed. Age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, prostate volume, the time of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), total prostate specific antigen, preoperative indwelling catheter status, operation type, operation time, percentage of hemoglobin reduction and catherization time were compared between the two groups. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( Mean± SD), and t-test was used for comparison between groups; Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method was used for comparison of count data between groups. Single factor and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen independent predictors. Results:Age [(73.9±7.3) years vs (69.5±7.8) years, P<0.001], body mass index [(25.6±3.0) kg/m 2vs (24.6±2.9) kg/m 2, P=0.004], the time of LUTS [(5.42±5.65) years vs (5.05±5.19) years, P=0.008], and hypertension (57.7% vs 43.6%, P=0.037), prostate volume [(77.1±33.2) mL vs (62.5±30.2) mL, P<0.001], operation time [(115.0±45.7) min vs (99.8±41.4) min, P=0.006] in stress urinary incontinence group were significantly higher than those in the non-stress urinary incontinence group, the differences were statistically significant. Age ( OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.07, P<0.001), body mass index ( OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.03-1.14, P=0.003), LUTS ( OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.14-1.29, P=0.015)and prostate volume ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.10-1.11, P=0.011) were independent risk factors for stress urinary incontinence after transurethral enucleation of prostate by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Conclusion:Age≥70years, body mass index≥25 kg/m 2, LUTS during≥5 years and prostate volume≥75 mL are independent risk factors for stress urinary incontinence after transurethral enucleation of prostate.

The clinical data of 10 patients with prostate abscess admitted to our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Summarize its diagnosis and treatment characteristics and its clinical efficacy. Prostatic abscess can generally be effectively controlled by timely, adequate and effective antibiotic treatment and active control of comorbidities. Prostate abscess deroofing might be an effective treatment for patients with the failure of conservative antibiotic treatment.

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancy in the urinary system over the world. Urine cytology and cystoscopy are important tools for bladder cancer diagnosis and recurrence monitoring. However, due to the limited sensitivity and invasive procedure, there is an urgent need to develop new non-invasive and highly sensitive liquid biopsy approaches. Urine biopsy is a research focus in the field and has great potential. This review focused on protein-based urine markers (including NMP22, BTA and UroVysion etc.) and DNA or RNA-based urine markers (including cfDNA, AssureMDx and Xpert BC Monitor etc.), which were used for bladder cancer diagnosis and recurrence monitoring, and summarized the sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker as well as their characteristics in the diagnosis and recurrence surveillance of bladder cancer. This study provides theoretical and empirical support for further optimization and application of these biomarkers in clinical practice.

There is no effective treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer that developed from primary prostate cancer. With the deepening research of human gastrointestinal microbiota, it indicated that all kinds of tumors including castration-resistant prostate cancer might be associated with the characteristic changes of gastrointestinal flora, and it might affect the progress of the tumor through multiple ways. The gastrointestinal microbiota of patients could promote the conversion of androgen precursors to active androgens; could participate in the regulation of thymus function and change the immune activity of the body; could provide raw materials such as glutamate and phosphatidylcholine for tumor growth and metabolism. It may also cause local or systemic inflammation in the digestive tract, and then may lead to the occurrence and development of prostate cancer and the formation of castration resistance. This article reviewed the relationship between gut microbiota and the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer from several molecular mechanisms, in order to provide clues for further research in the future.