Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ear Canal ; Foreign Bodies ; therapy ; Humans ; Posture

Laparoscopic basic skills training is an inevitable requirement of minimally invasive surgery.Minimally invasive surgery department in the fourth affiliated hospitals of Harbin medical university launched lectures on basic theory and knowledge of laparoscopy,combined simulation training with surgery observation applied flexible teaching methods so that students can truly master the techniques of minimally invasive surgery.

P2 X7 receptor is a member of ATP-gated non-selective cation channels;and is one subtype family of the P2X purinergic receptor.Signaling pathways of P2X7 receptor couple with several key inflammatory molecules including IL-1β;IL-6 and COX-2;which suggests that P2 X7 receptor plays a key role in the development of dis-eases via increased inflammation;indicating its potential as a novel therapeutic target.Recent studies show that P2 X7 receptor has a relationship with renal diseases.This article reviews the effect of P2 X7 receptor on renal diseases and its mechanism.P2 X7 receptor may be a new drug target;and its selectivity antagonist may be a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal diseases.

The incidence of stroke in postmenopausal women increases significantly and is higher than that of men.The overall morbidity and mortality of stroke in women are expected to maintain a sustained upward trend before 2050.The impact of stroke on women is significantly greater than men and mahly manifests in the aspects of older age of onset,more risk factors,lower timely treatment rate,and poor overall prognosis.The influence factors of stroke in women involve many aspects,including sex hormone exposure,chromosomal inheritance,and social status.Researching the pathophysiological characteristics of female stroke and the related factors affecting the diagnosis and treatment contribute to take better effective individualized treatment strategies and decrease the morbidity,mortality,disability rate and recurrence rate in women.This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics,treatment,prognosis and its pathophysiological mechanisms of female stroke.

In order to summarize the experience in physician recruitment and training process,an investigation was carried out on young physicians recruited from campus from 2007 to 2011.The results showed that the assessments of departments of the young physician's on theirs' medical ethics,professional values,theoretical knowledge,clinical competence and other aspects were higher.This indicated that these young physicians have higher overall quality.In addition,compared with the above-described abilities,the results also showed that the assessments on theirs' foreign language oral communication skills,research capacity,innovation capability,and so on,were lower.Therefore the hospital should continue to increase assessments to the candidates during the campus recruitment stage,and to develop targeted training plans so as to strengthen the ability of young physicians continually.

OBJECTIVE In order to explore and control the risk factors of nosocomial infection in intracerebral hemorrhage.METHODS To study prospectively in 837 hospitalized patients with intracerebral hemorrhage in our hospital from Jan.1997 to June 1999. RESULTS It was showed 215 cases of the nosocomial infection were found among 837 cases with the intracerebral hemorrhage(25.8%).Among them,nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection was the highest(39.1%),the second one was the urinary tract(27.8%).Nosocomial infection was closely related with such factors as the aging,location and volume of intracerebral hematoma,disturbance of consciousness, smoking,blood sugar,invasive operation,antibiotic prophylaxis,bed-days.Whereas serum cholesterol was a protective factor.CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial infection was still a high frequent complication in intracerebral hemorrhage and it should be paid attention.This is the most important step to control nosocomial infection of intracerebral hemorrhage in the hospital.

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors(ACEI) are generally used in the treatment of cardiovascular system diseases.They are found by epidemiological studies to have an anti-tumor activity and are shown to play various roles in suppressing carcinogenesis and tumor growth,preventing angiogenesis,inhibiting matrix degradation and reducing cancer cachexia.

Glioma is the most common tumor in craniocerebra l neoplasms． It is hard to deal with for every neurosurgery not the difficulty o f operation,but the poor outcome． Many efforts was made in this area include ne w drugs in chemotherapy; intratumoral radiation, stereostatic radioneurosurgery in neuroradiation, and the new strategy of operation direct to tumor． Local intratumoral implants carried by biodegradable polymer provide a new promising approach for more selective and less neurotoxic in chemotherapy． The polymer microsphere carried with carboplatin is much powerful to glioma in vitro and in vivo． The disadvantages of carboplatin during delivery systemically disappeared．

Objective To discuss clinical results of the treatment of op en tibio-fibula fractures with the intramedullary interlocking nails. Methods A group of 46 cases of open tibio-fibula fractures was collected and classified according to Gustilo classification. There were 12 cases of type Ⅰ, 9 cases of type Ⅱ, 16 cases of typeⅢA, 7 cases of type ⅢB, and 2 case of type ⅢC. All o perations were performed in the emergency operation room and all patients were f ixed with intramedullary interlocking nails. Results The follow-up of 8 months to 3 years (with an average of 20 months) showed satisfactory results, though th e local wounds needed skin flap transplantation in 6 cases and muscle flap trans plantation was performed in 1 case. Conclusion Open tibio-fibula fractures of t ype Ⅰ, type Ⅱ and type ⅢA can be treated with emergency debridement and the intramedullary interlocking nails, if the injury duration is short and the vital signs of the patients are stable.

Carotid artery atherosclerosis is a treatable and preventable cause of ischemic stroke.Increasing studies suggest that carotid plaque characteristics may be a superior means for predicting ipsilateral cerebrovascular events as compared with the degree of carotid artery stenosis.The major MRI features of vulnerable carotid plaques include large lipid-rich necrotic cores,intraplaque hemorrhage,plaque rupture,and calcification.This article reviews the major MRI features of vulnerable carotid plaques and their roles in predicting ipsilateral cerebrovascular events.