OBJECTIVE: To produce a rat model of cognitive impairment by D-galactose combined with a high fat diet method, and observe the learning and memory function and the change of oxidative stress indexes of the model rats. Discuss the effects of Huannao Yicong Fomula(HNYCF) on learning, memory and oxidative stress of the model. METHODS: The cognitive impairment rat model was induced by hypodermic injection of D-galactose and combined with half fat diet. Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory ability. The level of SOD, MDA, T-AOC, GSH-PX was tested. RESULTS: in model group, the learning and memory ability was severely impaired, hippocampal neurons were reduced, SOD, T-AOC, GSH-PX level significantly decreased, MDA level increased. The administration of HNYCF improved memory ability, improved SOD, T-AOC, GSH-PX levels, reduced MDA activity in serum and hippocampus tissues. CONCLUSION: D-Galactose combined with high fat diet can cause disorders of oxidative stress in rats, leading to cognitive impairment. HNYCF can significantly improve the antioxidant stress ability, improve learning, memory and spatial cognitive ability of rats.

Objective: To establish an LC-MS method for identification of the main components in Xinyue Capsula. Methods The main components in Xinyue Capsula were detected with the LC-ESI-MS in negative monitoring mode. These components were further analyzed by LC-MS2iv and MS3 spectra, and by comparing to the corresponding standards and the references, these components were elucidated. Results: Eighteen major ginsenosides, which were belonging to protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and ocotillol type saponin, were found in Xinyue Capsula. With the corresponding reference substances, ten of the 18 components were domenstrated as ginsenoside Re, Rg1, pseudoginsenoside F11, ginsenoside Rg2, Rc, Rb 2, Rb3, Rd, F2, and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg 3. Conclusion: The LC-MSn method established in the pre sent study could simultaneously analyze various kinds of ginsenosides, which include ocotillol, protopanaxadiol, and protopanaxtiol type ginsenoside. This method is sensitive, rapid, and simple for analyzing and identifying the ginsenosides in Xinyue Capsula and Panax quinque folius.

Objective To analyze the change of the proportions of the hospitalization causes in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF) in a single-central hospital in late 20 years.Methods 1 259 hospitalized cases diagnosed primarily as chronic heart failure were selected from the First Central Hospital of Tianjin during 1983-2002,and divided into two groups with a decade interval.A comparative analysis was performed to explore the proportions of the primary,concomitant and multiple causes of hospitalization for CHF patients between two groups.Results(1) The most common primary causes in general cases was coronary artery disease(CAD,56.6%),rheumatic heart disease(RHD,20.9%) and pulmonary heart disease(PHD,9.2%).During the latter decade,the proportions of CAD and dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) increased,while RHD,PHD,congenital heart disease(CHD) decreased.(2) The causes of concomitant disease for CHF was essential hypertension(EHT,44.0%),diabetes mellitus(DM,16.4%),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD,14.3%),cerebral-vascular disease(CVD,11.4%) and anemia(5.2%).All proportions of these concomitant diseases except COPD increased during the latter decade(P

Objective To understand the trend of the constituent ratio of atrial fibrillation(AF)and primary etiology in hospitalized cases with chronic heart failure(CHF)and complicated with AF in late 20 years.Methods 1 180 patients with CHF(thereinto,440 complicated with AF)were selected from the hospitalized cases during the past 20 years(1983—2002),and a retrospective analysis was performed with every 5 years interval.Results The constituent ratio of AF in the general cases with CHF was 37.3%,and it was higher in females than in males(41.3% vs 33.4%,P

Objective To investigate the relationship between hemodynamic parameters from quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pathological tumor differentiated grades. Methods Seventy-seven HCC lesions were examinated and off-line analyzed with dynamic images. Quantitative parameters such as slope of decrease to half of peak (SD), increased signal intensity (ISI), area under the curve (AUC) and blood flow coefficient (BF) were acquired, and the standardized values (sISI, sAUC and sBF) included the ratio of parameters from tumor to those from hepatic parenchyma. These quantitative parameters were correlated with tumor grades according to Edmonson criteria. Results There was significant difference (P＜0.05) of SD, AUC and BF, as well as standardized values (sISI, sAUC and sBF) between different grades of HCC. AUC, BF, sISI, sAUC and sBF were negative correlated with differentiated grades, respectively (P＜0.05). Well-differentiated HCC had significantly higher perfusion values than HCC of other grades (P＜0.05). Conclusion Quantitative analysis of CEUS can assess differentiation of HCC indirectly, and might reveal biological behavior of malignant tumors.

Objective To evaluate the contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in quantitative diagnosis of chronic renal insufficiency. Methods Correlation of CEUS indexes with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) detected by 99mTc-DTPA renography was examined. Thirty-three cases of clinical chronic renal insufficiency were enrolled in the study. They were 15 males and 18 females with average age of (43.33±6.78) years. After intravenous bolus injection of 1 ml SonoVue,CEUS of renal cortex blood perfusion was performed successfully, and a time-intensity curve (TIC)was created with PHILIPS iU22 system's QLAB software. A 148 to 222 MBq dose of 99mTc-DTPA was injected as a bolus from antecubital vein. Renal scintigraphic images were collected immediately and GFR was obtained. Results The significant correlation coefficients between GFR and CEUS quantitative indexes were as follows: rAUC (area under curve)=0.886 (P＜0.05), rA (slope rate of ascending curve, A) =0.804(P＜0.05). However, rDPI (derived peak intensity, DPI)=0.021 (P＞0.05), rTTP (time to peak, TTP) =0.043 (P＞0.05), rα (slope rate of descending curve,α)=0.039 (P＞0.05). Conclusion CEUS can precisely display the hemodynamic change of chronic renal insufficiency, which is well correlated with GFR by 99mTc-DTPA renography.

Objective To evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in quantitative diagnosis of chronic kidney dysfunction(CKD) by comparing it with color Doppler imaging (CDFI). Methods Tirty-three cases (15 males and 18 females) of clinical confirmed CKD (stage Ⅲ～Ⅴ)were included. Forty-five healthy volunteers were performed as control group. CEUS and CDFI were performed on each patient. After intravenous bolus injection of 1ml SonoVue each side,CEUS of renal cortex blood perfusion was collected successively,and a time-intensity curve(TIC) was created with Philips iU22 system's QLAB software. Resistance index(RI) and peak systolic velocity(PSV) of renal partial arteries were also tested. Results Compared with normal kidney,CKD patients had delayed perfusion and decreased intensity. Changes of area under curve(AUC), derived peak intensity(DPI), slope rate of ascending curve(A)and time to peak(TTP) were statistically significant ( P ＜0. 05). Sensitivities of AUC,DPI,A and TTP in diagnosis of CKD (stage Ⅲ～Ⅴ ) were 91.2% ,84. 9% ,90.9% and 85.3%, their specificities were 95.4%,88.9% ,93.3% and 90.9%, their accuracies were 93.6%, 87. 2%, 92.3% and 88. 5%, respectively. The results of CEUS were better than RI in CDFI (sensitivity 70.4%, specificity 37. 8%, accuracy 52.2%).Conclusions CEUS can precisely display the hemodynamic change in CKD ( stage Ⅲ～Ⅴ ), and is more sensitive than CDFI.

ular perfusion in tumors objectively, which is potential in monitoring tumor vascular response to antiangiogenic therapy.

0.05). Conclusions CEUS can accurately display the perfusion changes of CIRD model of dogs,it's more sensitive than the BUN and SCr. DPI and TTP are the most sensitive quantitative indexes of CEUS.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) in quantitative assessment of angiogenesis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods Thirtythree patients with HCCs confirmed by pathology underwent CEUS in one week preoperatively.The presets and contrast dosage were fixed in all the studies.The new quantitative software with GAMMA fitting technique was used to analyze the dynamic images offline.The quantitative parameters such as baseline intensity,increased signal intensity(ASI),decent curvature(a2),up slope rate(a3),arrive time(AT), time to peak(TTP), accelerate time(ACT),peak intensity(PI),and area under curve(AREA) were calculated.The pathological specimen was stained with CD34 antibady and microvessel density (MVD) was calculated automatically.The correlation between parameters of CEUS and MVD was analyzed statistically.Results The parameters of ASI, a2, a3, AT, TTP, PI and ACT in the tumor were significantly different from those in liver parenehyma ( P＜0.01 ).The value of a2 in the tumor was correlated with MVD, the standardized ASI and AREA were correlated with MVD (P＜0.05).Conclusions The quantitative analysis with CEUS reflects the microvascular perfusion flow objectively.It provides a noninvasive imaging method to assess the angiogenesis in HCCs.