Objective To understand the awareness status of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school stu-dents in malaria endemic areas of Shandong Province,so as to provide the baseline information for formulating the malaria control strategy. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 5 TypeⅡmalaria-endemic counties in Shandong Province. A struc-tured questionnaire survey was administrated to students in primary and secondary schools. Results A total of 1 884 students were completed with the questionnaires and all were effective. The total awareness rate of malaria control knowledge was 65.9%, and 54.7% of the students knew the transmission route of malaria and only 31.5% of the students were aware of the preventive methods of malaria. There were significant differences of the awareness scores of malaria control knowledge among different malar-ia endemic areas but there were no significant differences between the awareness rates of male and female students and between two different education levels. Conclusions The awareness of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school stu-dents in Shandong Province is poor;therefore,the health education of malaria control knowledge for primary and secondary school students should be strengthened.

Objective To explore the shape change characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snail shell after the snails being passively migrated into Shandong intake area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Methods The snails raised on the Dushan island in Weishan Lake region were captured,and 115 the first filial generation snails and 107 the second filial generation ones were selected. The length and width of shells and apertures,and the labial ridge thickness of those snails were measured,the longitudinal rib number of snail spiral was counted,and 107 parental snails were chosen as controls. Results The labial ridge thickness of the filial generation snail was significantly reduced with the increase of algebras,and the labial ridge thickness among the 3 generations had a significant difference(P<0.01). Both the length of snail shell and the width of snail apertures were de-creased,while the width of snail shell,the length of snail apertures,the multiplication product of snail aperture’s length and width and the longitudinal rib number of snail spiral were all increased. Conclusion The body size of Oncomelania snails in Weishan Lake region becomes smaller,and their shells become thinner,which indicates that the environment of the lake region is not suitable for snail breeding,and the snails have natural decay tendency with the extension of time.

Objective To understand the malaria situation of Shandong Province in 2013,so as to provide the evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategy and measures. Methods The data of malaria cases of Shandong Province in 2013 were collected from the Information Management System for Infectious Diseases Report and Information Management Sys-tem for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. The data of epidemiological characteristics of malaria situation and the diagno-sis and treatment of malaria cases were analyzed by Microsoft Excell2007. Results There were 131 malaria cases reported in 2013,all of them were imported cases,and 127 cases(96.95%)were imported from African countries. A total of 116 cases (88.55%)were falciparum malaria cases. Totally 97.71%of the cases were male and the average age of malaria cases was 39 years. A total of 61.83%of the cases were peasants and 65.65%of the cases only received junior high school education. The dis-tribution of malaria cases was concentrated in Tai’an City(32 cases),Yantai City(19 cases)and Weihai City(17 cases),total-ly acounting for 53.13%. There was no significant seasonal variation in the reporting time of the cases. The median time from on-set to seeing doctor was four days and the median time from seeing doctor to being diagnosed was one day. Totally 35.88%of the cases were misdiagnosed when the first visit to a doctor. All of the cases were laboratory confirmed and 100%of them received the standard treatment after diagnosis. Conclusions All of the malaria cases were imported cases in Shandong Province in 2013. To control the imported malaria in Shandong Province,it is necessary to further strengthen the multi-sectoral cooperation, health education,malaria screening and professional training.

Objective To study the effect of Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on lower limbs spasticity after stroke. Methods 109 convalescent patients after stroke were randomly divided into treatment group and the control group. All the patients accepted routine treatment and rehabilitation, the treatment group accepted BTX-A injected in spastic muscles in addition. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) before, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment. Results The scores of MAS, BBS and FMA improved more in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.05) after treatment. Conclusion Combination of local BTX-A injection can significantly release the lower limbs spasticity, and improve the motor and balance ability for patients after stroke.

Objective To investigate a new way to detect filarial larvae in mosquitoes and apply it to the surveillance of filariasis. Methods An oligonucleotide probe that was species-specific to W. malayi was synthesized and marked with 32 P using molecular biological technique. Then the probe was tested with dot hybridization in detection of W. malayi filarial larvae from mosquitoes. Results The minimal detectable limit was found to be 2ng DNA of filarial larvae or microfilaria (Mf.), with no cross reaction with other animal filariae. A single larva can be detected when infected mosquitoes were tested one by one. One infected mosquito can be detected from a group of 20 mosquitoes tested together.Conclusions Our probe is sensitive and specific. It is practical to apply our probe to mosquito surveillance in Brug's filariasis endemic areas.

Objective To observe the effects of repeated Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection on lower limb spasticity after stroke.Methods 180 cases with lower limb spasticity after stroke were divided into the treatment group (n=90) and the control group (n=90). The treatment group was treated with BTX-A injection twice in the spastic muscles at interval of 3~6 months, while both the treatment group and the control group accepted the rehabilitation based on the neurodevelopmental therapy. They were assessed with modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Fugl-Meyer Lower Limb Assessment (FMAL), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), modified Barthel Index (MBI) before each injection, and 3 d, 7 d, 1 month, 3 months after each injection or the same time for the controls. Results There was significant difference in scores of MAS, FMAL, BBS, MBI for the treatment group among before and 3 d, 7 d, 1 month after each injection (P<0.05), but not significant between 2 injections (P<0.05). There was significant difference in scores of all the assessment between the treatment and control group at the same time (P<0.01). Conclusion Repeated intramuscular injection of BTX-A can reduce the spasticity of lower limb after stroke.

This paper reports one case of atypical falciparum malaria imported from Africa,whose blood smear contains many large trophozoites,with punctiform or massive brown pigment granules,the body shape of the plasmodium is similar to that of Plas-modium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. After the gene detection by PCR,the case was diagnosed as falciparum malaria. As large tro-phozoites were rarely seen in the peripheral blood of non-severe falciparum malaria cases,much attention should be paid to the identification of Plasmodium falciparum and other plasmodia in microscopic examinations.

Objective To understand the capacity of Plasmodium detection and helminth detection and the mastery degree of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases. Methods Three professionals from each city were selected as contestants. The content of the competition contained three parts. The first part included making blood slides and Giemsa staining of Plasmodium,and identifi-cation of species and number with microscopy,the second part included making stool slides with Kato-Katz technique and identifi-cation of common helminth eggs with microscopy,and the third part was basic knowledge of parasitic diseases. Results Totally 51 contestants took part in the competition. The average score of the test of making blood slides was 14.8±3.3,and the passing rate was 82.4%. The average score of the identification of species and number of Plasmodium with microscopy was 19.2 ± 9.3,and the passing rate was 29.4%. The average score of the test of making stool slides was 9.3±0.7,and the passing rate was 100%. The aver-age score of the identification of common helminth eggs with microscopy was 28.0±2.6,and the passing rate was 100%. The aver-age score of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases was 76.3±11.9,and the passing rate was 88.2%. The average score of the test of making blood slides in the female was higher than that in the male(15.7vs.13.5,P<0.05),and the average score of the test of making blood slides in the intermediate title contestants was higher than that in the junior title contestants(16.1vs.14.1,P <0.05). The average score of the basic knowledge of parasitic diseases in the contestants from cities was higher than that in the con-testants from towns(83.2vs.72.6,P<0.05),and the average score of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases in the contestants from high economic level cities was higher than that in the contestants from low economic level cities(82.4vs.71.5,P<0.01). Conclu-sions For professionals in Shandong Province,the capacity of helminth detection was strong and the basic knowledge of parasitic diseases was mastered well,while the capacity of Plasmodium detection was weak.

Objective To understand the infection status of intestinal parasites and related knowledge and behavior factors of the residents in north-west Shandong Province,so as to provide the evidence for taking targeted preventive measures. Meth-ods Eighteen villages were randomly selected as survey spots by the stratified multi-stage sample method. The Kato-Katz tech-nique was used to detect intestinal parasite eggs among the residents and the cellophane tape anus test was used to detect Entero-bius vermicularis eggs among 3-12 years old children. Questionnaires were applied to investigate related knowledge and behavior factors about the intestinal parasite infections in the residents. Results Totally 6 366 residents were detected for intestinal para-sites and the infection rate was 0.28%(18 cases). Totally 895 children were detected for E. vermicularis and the infection rate was 5.70%(51 cases). Totally 2 915 residents were investigated by questionnaires and the awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases was 26.72%. The formation rates of washing hands before meal and after WC,washing fruit and vegetable before eating,never drinking unboiled water were 55.42%,42.87%,43.54%and 83.04%respectively. The aware-ness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases of 3-12 years old children was 12.24%;and the formation rates of washing hands before meal and after WC were 47.04%and 30.44%respectively. Conclusions The total infection rate of intesti-nal parasites is low but the E. vermicularis infection rate is high among children in north-west Shandong Province. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases and the formation rates of healthy behaviors are all low. Therefore ,the tar-geted health education should be taken to increase the awareness rate and guide the residents to develop their healthy behaviors.

Objective To explore the association between malaria epidemic situation and some natural and social factors in high?incidence areas of Shandong Province,so as to provide evidences for malaria elimination in these areas. Methods Twenty towns of 10 counties(cities,districts,)in the high incidence areas of malaria in Shandong Province were selected as the study sites,and the residents in the study sites were investigated by questionnaires with one household as a unit,so as to understand the related natural and social factors. In addition,the malaria epidemic data in the study sites from 2006 to 2010 were collected, and the correlation between these factors and the epidemic situation of malaria was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation and multiple stepwise regression. Results The square root of malaria incidence rate(Y)was negatively related to the rate of house?holds using insecticide(X3),and the rate of households using screen doors and windows(X4)(both P<0.05),but was positive?ly related to the rate of housing surrounding water environment and exposure ratio(X6)(both P<0.05). The regression equa?tion established was Y=0.032X5+0.048X6-0.495,R2=0.973. Conclusions Malaria incidence is obviously associated with some natural and social factors. The measures such as clearing the breeding place of mosquito,protecting the exposure popula?tion at nightfall,as well as using door?window screen and repellents correctly,can effectively control malaria.