Objective Correctly identify Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to optochin and other alpha hemolytic streptococcus susceptible to optochin.Methods Optochin susceptibility test, bile resolution test, latex agglutination test as well as some biochemical methods (VITEKCC4-GPI identifying cards,API-Strept identifying bar, VITEK TWO-GPC identifying cards) were applied.Results It was observed that 2 strains(0.3%)of Streptococcus pneumoniae out of 630 were resistant to optochin and 31strains of Streptococci, classfied as alpha hemolytic streptococci, susceptible to optochin, including 13 of S. mitis, 6 of S.oralis, 6 of S. twin, 3 of S. acidominimus, 2 of S.intermedius and 1 of S. constellatus. The inhibition zone of these alpha hemolytic streptococci susceptible sensitive to optochin was within the range of 14-17mm in diameter, in not 20 mm or more than 20 mm, compared with the inhibition zone of most strains of S.pneumoniae. Most of these alpha hemolytic streptococci (93.5%) susceptible to optochin showed highly resistance to benzoxazolecillin,to which most Streptococci (94%) showed sensitivity . Conclusion S.pneumoniae can be effectively identified by bile resolution test and latex agglutination test because of its high specificity with credible test results. API-Strept identifying bar and VITEK TWO-GPC identifying cards can be applied to identify S. pneumoniae resistant to optochin.

Objective To observe the expression of induced nitricoxide synthase(iNOS)in ligustrazine against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.Methods Fifty white guinea pigs with normal hearing were randomly divided into the control group,ligustrazine group and traditional Chinese drug(TCD)group.The alternations of hearing function were evaluated by the examination of auditory brainstem response(ABR).Some specimens were perfused by AgNO3 and observed the damage of bristle cell.And some were sent for immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of iNOS.Results Compared with the control group,the threshold of ABR in ligustrazine group and TCD group were significantly different.There was a significant difference between the ligustrazine group and TCD group.There was no expression of iNOS in Cortis',spiral ganglion cell and stria vascularis in normal cochlear(control group).In the ligustrazine group,the expression became stronger in spiral ganglion cell,stria vascularis,spiral ligament and Cortis'.INOS also expressed in TCD group.Conclusion Ligustrazine can antagonize cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting the expression of iNOS.

Objective To develop questionnaires to indentify research motivation and its related psychological factors for medical postgraduates.Methods The questionnaire was developed based on previous literature and case interview by using self-determination theory as the theoretical framework.Delphi method and stratified factor analysis were used to examine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.Results The questionnaires included 2 sections:research motivation questionnaire and related psychological factors questionnaire.The Cranach's α of each questionnaire was 0.89 and 0.90 and test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.74 and 0.80.The content validity (CVI) of each questionnaire was 0.958 and 0.935,and stratified factor analysis demonstrated that the items of each dimension could account for more than 40％ of the accumulated variance.Conclusion The questionnaires have good reliability and validity and could be applied.

Objective To investigate the nursing points of endoscopic full-covered self-expanding removable metal stents (FCSERMS) implantation for bile duct anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of patients who were treated by endoscopic full-covered self-expanding removable metal stents implantation for bile duct anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation from January 2013 to July 2015 were retrospectively analyzed, and the nursing process were summarized. Results The group of 9 patients were successfully placed and removed with FCSERMS. There was no postoperative complication, such as stent migration, acute pancreatitis, biliary bleeding and intestinal leakage. All the bile duct strictures were relieved after FCSERMS removement. Followed up for 10-32 months, there was no symptom and sign of bile duct anastomotic stricture recurrent. Conclusions The key in nursing points of FCSERMS implantation for bile duct anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation are introducing the function of FCSERMS and therapeutic process to improve patient compliance, mastering the endoscopic operations, the placement and removal method of FCSERMS to short operation time, strengthening postoperative nasal bile duct care, paying attention to the observation, detection and treatment of postoperative complications after the metal stent placement and removement, as well as the continuing care during the period between placement and removment of FCSERMS.

Objective To investigate the value and nursing of persistent balloon dilatation for anastomotic stricture after choledochojejunostomy. Methods The clinical data of 14 cases of anastomotic strictures after choledochojejunostomy accepted the treatment of persistent balloon dilatation were analyzed retrospectively. The effect, adverse reactions and approriate nursing were evaluated. Results Five patients were performed with persistent balloon dilatation thorough the output loop of intestine after choledochojejunostomy and 9 patients through percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. There was no hemobilia, bile leak or other serious complications. There were 2 cases of balloon dilatation catheter damage, 5 cases of pressure pump damage and 4 cases of balloon migration with 25.0% (7/28) instrument damage rate and 4 cases of balloon migration. After persistent balloon dilation for 6 to 8 months, no anastomotic stricture was found by choledochoscopic examination. Follow up for 6 to 18 months, 2 cases had recurrent anastomotic stricture. Conclusions Persistent balloon dilatation by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a simple, safe and effective method for anastomotic stricture after choledochojejunostomy. In the course of nursing, the balloon catheter and pressure pump damage, and balloon migration should be noted.

This paper introduces the mechanism of Linux device drivers,analyzes the features of driver development in embedded Linux and illustrates the methods for design,compiling and test based on small medical apparatus.

The reverse problem of Electrical impedance tomography(EIT) is a highly ill-posed problem.It is concluded that spatial prior information could improve the final image quality.This paper proposes a new method for obtaining prior information.By this method,the inspected cross-section contour and internal structure for EIT can be achieved.

ObjectiveTo observe effect of estradiol on respiratory of ovariectomized rats.Methods30 adult female rats were randomly divided into ovariectomy group (group A), estradiol group (group B) and sham ovariectomy group (group C). Rats of group B were injected with 17-β estradiol (20μg/kg/d), that of group A and group C were injected only with normal saline (0.1ml/d). After 6 weeks, effect of estradiol on respiratory of ovariectomized rats was assessed with testing level of rats' serum estradiol and discharge frequency and integrated amplitude of phrenic nerve. ResultsThe level of serum estradiol of group A was significantly decreased compared with group B and group C (P<0.01). Discharge frequency and integrated amplitude of phrenic nerve of group A were decreased compared with group B and group C (P<0.05).ConclusionEstradiol can excite respiratory responses in ovariectomized rats.