Mouse and rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus play a key role in basic and clinical translational stud-ies.Different animal models should match the determined investigational objects and methods .In this review, the estab-lishments and diabetes-specific changes of various animal models were described , which will be helpful for better use of ani-mal models in research of diabetes mellitus .

Neonatal cerebral infarction is an area of damaged cerebral tissue resulting either from disruption to blood flow in a major cerebral artery from thrombosis or embolism or from thrombosis in a major cerebral vein.The pathogenesis is unknown at present,many studies have shown that genetic,mother hypertension,gestational diabetes,smoking,neonatal congenital heart disease,infections,meningitis are the risk factors of neonatal cerebral infarction.

Purpose　To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of acute cerebral progressive infarction cured with urokinase in combination with heparin sodium. Methods　There were 50 cases in the control group and treated group. The treated group was treated with urokinase 300,000 units/day intravenous for 1～2 days, heparin sodium 12,500 units/day intravenous for 5 days, the control group was treated with heparin sodium 12,500 units/day intravenous for 5 days. All patients were treated within 5 days of onset and the deterioration of neurological deficits within 10 hours. The hypodensity was showed by brain CT scan without hemorrhage, MDS score was given before and after cure 30 days for comparison. Results　The neurological deficits improvement in the treated group was more efficient than the control group and no hemorrhage was found. Conclusion　Middle dose urokinase infusion in combination with heparin sodium intravenous in treatment of acute cerebral progressive infarction was safe and effective and showed obviously clinical valuable.

Objective:To investigate the effects of safflor yellow ( SY) on body fat, fatty liver and insulin resistance in diet-in-duced obese mice. Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice at the age of 4 weeks were fed with high fat diet ( HF) for 8 weeks to make the obese model. The mice were intraperitoneally injected SY (100 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ) for 6 weeks. At the end of experiment, the introper-itoneal glucose tolerance test ( IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test ( ITT) were performed, and the body fat, blood lipid profile and the other metabolic parameters were detected. Meanwhile, the epididymis fat and liver tissue were withdrawn for HE staining, the adipo-cyte area was quantified and the morphology of liver was observed. Results:SY significantly reduced the body weight, body fat mass, adipocyte area, liver weight and blood lipid levels of the obese mice (P<0. 05), and fatty liver was obviously alleviated after the ad-ministration of SY. Meanwhile, IPITT and ITT tests showed that SY significantly improved the glucose intolerance and insulin resist-ance of the obese mice(P<0. 05). Conclusion:SY has significant weight-loss effects and it can alleviate fatty liver, and improve glu-cose intolerance and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice.

In this paper,we analyzed 24 international cooperation projects involving human genetic resources from 1999 to 2009 hosted by the Cancer Institute and Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.The analysis concerned the overall situation of the projects,the foreign cooperative units,subject distribution,research content,export planning,actual export and achievement.We also put forward proposals to improve the human genetic resources management.

Objective To investigate the effects of human milk fortifier(HMF)addition at different time points on the growth,development and the incidence of complications in very low birth weight(VLBW)infants.Methods A total of 93 VLBW infants admitted into Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Tianjin Central Hospital of Obste-trics and Gynecology from January to September 2015 with more than 80％of total milk intake during hospitalization,excluding those who had severe asphyxia or abandoned treatment and died,were collected.The included cases were divided into 2 groups by using completely randomized grouping method,early fortification group(n=48)and delayed fortification group(n=45)adding HMF with the enteral intake of 50 mL/(kg·d)and 100 mL/(kg·d),respectively.The outcomes included growth development and the incidence of complications during hospitalization.Then,t test and chi-square test of independent samples were used for statistical analysis.Results There was significant difference in the weight growth rate between the 2 groups,and the growth rate of early fortification group and delayed fortification group were(15.4±2.4)g/(kg·d)and(13.6±2.3)g/(kg·d),respectively(t=3.043,P=0.004).There was no significant difference in height growth rate,head circumference growth rate,weight at 34 weeks postmenstrual age,time of recovering birth weight and parenteral nutrition,hospitalization duration,body weight,body length,head circumference at discharge and the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation between the 2 groups(all P>0.05).There was no statistical difference in incidence of feeding intolerance,necrotizing enterocolitis,nosocomial infection,retinopathy of prematurity,bronchopulmonary dysplasia between the 2 groups(all P>0.05).Conclusions HMF with enteral intake of 50 mL/(kg·d)contributes to weight gain rate in VLBW infants during hospitalization,but not to the increase in the incidence of complications.

ObjectiveTo understand the behavioral characteristics,strength on suicide ideation and mental disorder diagnosis among suicide attempers,so as to provide consultation for crisis intervention of suicide.Methods232 suicide attempters from emergency of 5 general hospital in south-west of Shandong province were enrolled.They were assessed using questionnaires on attempted suicide behaviors and scale on the strength of suicide ideation,and were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Disorders axis Ⅰ for patient (SCID/I-P).Results( 1 ) In the total of 232 cases,female was more than male with the gender ratio of 2.87 (female vs male).The highest proportion rate (56.9％) existed between 16 years old to 35 years old.Oral application pesticide was the most commom suicide pattern (83.2％),91.4％ of the suicide attempt occurred in the their homes.The top three reasons leading to suicide were family contrary (61.2％),depressive mood (15.1％)and fail in love (9.5％).(2) In all cases,83.6％ did not think if they were found,84.1％ did not adopted any precaution measures,over 60.0％ did not tell anyone their attempted plans,and 90％ had no dying structions and /or dying testaments before their attempted behaviors.At the moment of attemp behaviors,62.9％ did not contact with someone.The 60.0％ of all the cases had wanted strongly to die,otherwise 7.3％ had wanted to manipulate others.(3) The diagnosis rate of mental disorder on DSM-Ⅳ was 45.3％,in which the mood disorder was most.ConclusionThere are no changes on the behavioral characteristics among the suicide attempters in the south-west rural area of Shandong province.Their strength of suicide ideation are moderate,and a certain proportion of suicide attempters may be impulsive suicide attempters.There is more relationship between mental disorder and suicide attempt.

Objective To investigate the inducing effect of acitrotin on the growth and apoptosis of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC13 and on caspases expression.Methods Human cutaneous squa-mous cell carcinoma cell line SCC13 was treated with five different concentrations of acitrefin [5×10-7,1×10-6,5×10-6,1×10-5,5×10-5mol/L].Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay.Apoptosis was assessed by en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry.The protein expressions of caspase-8 and caspase-9 were examined with Western blot.Results Acitretin inhibited the growth ( F = 83.64,96.34 and 123.17, respectively on the first, third and fifth day)and induced the apoptosis of SCC13 cells(F=74.45,107.37,and 64.28, respectively on the first, third and fifth day) in a dose- and time-dependent manner(P<0.05).Acitretin altered cell cycle distribution of SCC13 cells as compared with controls, the G1-phase population increased by 77.66% 72 hours after acitretin treatment, while the control increased only by 63.55%.An active fragment of caspase-8 occurred following 12 hours treatment of acitretin on SCC13 cells, whereas the caspase-9 active fragment occurred 24 hours after acitretin treatment, which increased time-dependently (P<0.01).Conclusion Acitretin plays an important role on the growth inhibition and apoptosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells, which may be affected through both Fas receptor way and mitochondria way.

Objective To study the incidence of complications and the influence on early postnatal growth and development in very low birth weight infant(VLBWI) fed by breast milk.Methods From January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013, 351 VLBWIs, who were appropriate for gestational age and hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, were included in this study after exclusion of those with small for gestational age, large for gestational age, severe perinatal asphyxia at birth, withdrawing treatment or death, and mixed feeding infants.The group of formula-fed infants (FFI) were 168 VLBWI admitted between January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011 and the group of breast milk-fed infants (BFI) were 183 VLBWI admitted between January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013.For BFIs, we added human milk fortifier when oral intake reached 100 ml/kg.All subjects were followed up to 40 weeks of corrected gestational age.We compared the incidence of complications and infantile growth and development from birth to 30 days old between the two groups.Independent sample t-test and Chi-square test were applied for statistical analysis.Results The incidence of feeding intolerance in FFIs was higher than that of the BFIs [27.4％ (46/168) vs 15.3％ (28/183)], so was the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis [14.9％ (25/168) vs 5.5％ (10/183)] (x2=7.683 and 8.651, both P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of nosocomial infection, retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in FFI and BFI were 34.5％ (58/168) vs 33.3％ (61/183), 15.5％ (26/168) vs 10.4％ (19/183), and 11.3％ (19/168) vs 9.3％ (17/183), but none of them showed significant difference between the two groups (x2=0.055, 2.033 and 0.388, all P ＞ 0.05).Significant difference was neither found in weight gain from birth to 30 days old [(304± 137) vs (308± 123) g], height growth [(2.6± 1.1) vs (2.7± 1.2) cm] and head circumference growth [(2.5± 1.0) vs (2.4±0.9) cm] between the FFIs and BFIs (t=0.106, 0.614 and 0.485, all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Breast feeding is beneficial to VLBWI in decreasing the incidence of feeding intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis without adverse effect on their early postnatal growth and development.

Objective To explore the trend of preductal pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) during 10 min after birth in newborns born at different gestational age and through different delivery mode.Methods From May 2014 to August 2014,319 neonates,born in Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology and whose Apgar score at 1 min after birth ≥ 8,were included into the study.Term infants were grouped into vaginal delivery group (n=102) and caesarean group (n=117) according to the delivery mode.Infants born through caesarean section were divided into three groups,including 30-33+6 weeks (n=50),34-36+6 weeks (n=50) and 37-41+6 weeks (n=117) group according to the gestational age at birth.Immediately after the umbilical cord clamped,preductal SpO2 was recorded at each minute from one to ten minutes using the pulse oximetry.Oneway analysis of variance and two independent sample t test were applied for statistical analysis.Results At each time point within ten minutes after birth,the preductal SpO2 for preterm infants of 30-33+6 weeks gestation in the caesarean group were (54± 3)％,(59± 3)％,(65 ±4)％,(70±4)％,(75 ±4)％,(80±4)％,(84± 3)％,(89± 3)％,(91 ± 3)％ and (93 ± 2)％,respectively,which were significant lower than those of the 34-36+6 weeks group [(57 ± 5)％,(66 ± 4)％,(72 ± 6)％,(78 ± 6)％,(83 ± 6)％,(87 ± 6)％,(90± 5)％,(92 ± 4)％,(94± 4)％ and (95 ± 4)％,respectively] and of the term infants [(58 ± 3)％,(67 ± 4)％,(73 ± 5)％,(78 ± 6)％,(83 ± 6)％,(87 ± 6)％,(90± 5)％,(92± 5)％,(94± 3)％ and (95± 3)％,respectively] (all P ≤ 0.05).While the corresponding preductal SpO2 for term infants in the vaginal delivery group were (61 ± 6)％,(69± 7)％,(75 ± 6)％,(81 ± 7)％,(86± 6)％,(90 ± 6)％,(93 ± 5)％,(94± 4)％,(95 ± 4)％ and (96 ± 3)％,respectively,which were all higher than those of term infants in the caesarean group (all P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions The preductal SpO2 for preterm infants of 30-33+6 weeks of gestation is lower than that of preterm and term infants of ≥ 34 weeks of gestation at all time points within ten minutes after birth.The preductal SpO2 for term infants born through vaginal delivery is higher and rising faster than that of term infants born through caesarean section at all times.