AIM: To observe the effect of continuous inhaled nitric oxide (NO) on airway resistance in guinea pigs. METHODS: 36 healthy male guinea pigs were divided into control group, isoproterenol group and two inhaled NO (20?10 -6 and 60?10 -6 ) groups. Respiratory resistance (R_E) and dynamic compliance(C_ dyn )were recorded before and after evoked by histamine at different doses. RESULTS: After injections of intravenous histamine at 80,120 and 160 ?g/kg, the R_E of inhaled NO groups were apparently lower than that of control group. Compared with control group, the C_ dyn of inhaled NO groups were significantly higher after administration of histamine at 80, 120 and 160 ?g/kg. After given histamine at more than 80 ?g/kg,the R_E of inhaled NO groups were higher and the C_ dyn lower than those of isoproterenol group. CONCLUSION: Inhalation of 20?10 -6 NO and 60?10 -6 NO can inhibit the increase in airway resistance induced by higher doses (80,120 and 160 ?g/kg )of intravenous histamine, but the effect of intravenous isoproterenol seems stronger.

Objective To explore the value of the integrated visual and audio continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) in the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome(TS) patients who have comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods IVA-CPT was performed in 519 TS patients with comorbid ADHD (observation group)and 857 patients with pure ADHD (control group).The gold standard for the diagnosis of ADHD was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th version,USA) (DSM-Ⅳ).Results (1) When DSM-Ⅳ was used as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity and coincidence rate of IVA-CPT were 62.4％,81.9％ and 75.7％,respectively.(2) IVA-CPT misdiagnosed 62 cases in TS + ADHD group,including 30.3％ (10/33 cases) inattentive subtype (ADHD-I),51.4％ (37/72 cases) hyperactive subtype (ADHD-H) and 25.0％ (15/60 cases) combined subtype (ADHD-C).Significant difference in misdiagnosis rate was found among ADHD-H and ADHD-I and ADHD-C (x2=10.646,P＜0.05).(3) There were 449 cases in which 2 diagnostic methods were both positive in both observation group and control group,including 103 cases in observation group and 346 cases in control group.The full scale response control quotient,visual reaction control,auditory reaction control in observation group and control group were 89.0±19.5/77.4±18.2,92.4±19.0/84.3±18.9,89.6±16.8/77.4±19.7,and there were significant differences between 2 groups (t=-5.024,-3.533,-5.255,all P＜0.05).The full scale response control quotient,visual response control quotient,full scale attention quotient and visual attention quotient between the 2 groups were statistically significant (t=2.510,-2.836,-1.402,-2.501,all P＜0.05).Conclusions (1) IVA-CPT can be used as an effective and objective tool for the diagnosis of TS children with comorbid ADHD.(2)Comparcd with TS childrcn with comorbid ADHD,pure ADHD children have a higher attention and control impairment.

OBJECTIVEBenign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTs) is a common idiopathic partial epileptic syndrome in childhood, which often affect the pre-school and school-age children and a considerable proportion have comorbidity including lower academic achievement and cognitive impairment. Few studies involved the psychocognitive assessment in such a drug-treatable epileptic syndrome especially in the newly diagnosed and medications-naive group. This study aimed to investigate the cognitive characteristics of children with newly onset BECTs before treatment.

METHODForty-one outpatients with newly diagnosed BECTs who visited the Clinic during the periods from October 2012 to May 2014 before the medications against epilepsy and 41 healthy controls recruited from regular school in Beijing during the period from July 2013 to March 2014, who matched in age and gender underwent battery testing by computerized cognitive testing in epilepsy (CCTE). The BECTs group included 41 children, 20 boys and 21 girls, mean age (8.2 ± 1.7) years, the age of onset of epilepsy 4.5-11.5 years (the age of onset <8 years in 25 cases, ≥ 8 years in 16 cases). The cognitive characteristics and associated factors were analyzed. The primary data including correct answer numbers and reaction times were analyzed by independent sample t-test between the two groups of children with BECTs and healthy controls based on SPSS 18.0 statistical software.

RESULTRaw data of 9 tasks' scores collected from BECTs and healthy control children were continuous variables in accordance with normal distribution. BECTs children performed significantly worse than controls in choice reaction time ((618+158) vs. (524+254) ms), three-dimensional mental rotation (11 ± 10 vs. 18 ± 12) and visual tracing (10 ± 6 vs.15 ± 6), t=2.01, 3.03 and 3.47, P<0.05, <0.01 and <0.001, respectively.While other 6 tasks showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05 for all comparisons). BECTs boys performed significantly worse than girls on simple substraction tasks compared with standard nine score ((4.7 ± 1.5) vs. (5.6 ± 1.2), t=-2.24, P<0.05). Other 8 tasks showed no significant difference between boys and girls (P>0.05 for all comparisons). Other 9 tasks showed no significant differences between the two groups of BECTs children whose age of onset was before 8 years and those who started seizure ≥ 8 years (P all >0.05). The standard nine scores of simple substraction from the three BECTs groups of dominance sides of spikes and waves during NREM showed significant difference (P<0.05). BECTs children with bilateral discharges performed significantly worse than the other two groups dominantly right or left discharges (4.7 ± 1.2 vs. 6.0 ± 1.2 vs. 4.9 ± 1.4, P all <0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups with right and left side dominance discharges (P>0.05). Other 8 tasks showed no significant differences among the three groups (P>0.05 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSIONAlthough EEG discharges index below 50% during NREM period, while newly diagnosed BECTs children before treatment with medications against epilepsy performed poorer on tasks of choice reaction time, three-dimensional mental rotation, and visual tracing. The two factors of male and bilateral discharges during NREM period correlate with dysfunction of simple subtraction, the mechanism needs further study and the cognitive function of epilepsy children should be evaluated and followed up, in order to provide psychologic baseline data for persistent cognitive disturbance.

Beijing ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; diagnosis ; Comorbidity ; Epilepsy, Rolandic ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reaction Time ; Seizures ; physiopathology

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of computerized online cognitive training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods Fifteen children with ADHD recruited from Department of Neurology in the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics received computerized online cognitive training including attention training,visual spatial training and memory training.Cognitive neuropsychological test battery (choice reaction time,mental rotation,word semantic,simple subtraction,working memory and visual tracing) was used to assess the cognitive function in pre-training and post-training stages,such as basic response ability,reaction speed,visuo-spatial cognitive ability,semantic comprehension,calculation fluency,working memory and attention ability.Paired-samples t test was used to make comparison of the cognitive test results between pre-training condition and post-training condition.Results All the correction scores of cognitive tests were transformed to percentile scores.Paired-samples t test results showed that the ADHD children got higher scores in the post-training condition than in the pre-training condition in working memory test [(52.00 ± 20.77) ％ vs (39.73 ± 23.64) ％,t =2.72,P ＜ 0.05].There was no significant training effect in choice reaction time,mental rotation,sentence completion,simple subtraction and visual tracing(all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Computerized online cognitive training can significantly improve the working memory of children with ADHD,and has no side effects on other cognitive functions.It need to further expand the sample size and follow up the training effect for a long-term.

Objective To evaluate the application of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-microarray and target gene sequencing technology in the clinical molecular genetic diagnosis of unexplained intellectual disability(ID) or developmental delay (DD).Method Patients with ID or DD were recruited in the Department of Neurology,Affiliated Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics between September 2015 and February 2016.The intellectual assessment of the patients was performed using 0-6-year-old pediatric examination table of neuropsychological development or Wechsler intelligence scale (＞6 years).Patients with a DQ less than 49 or IQ less than 51 were included in this study.The patients were scanned by SNP-array for detection of genomic copy number variations (CNV),and the revealed genomic imbalance was confirmed by quantitative real time-PCR.Candidate gene mutation screening was carried out by target gene sequencing technology.Causal mutations or likely pathogenic variants were verified by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.Result There were 15 children with ID or DD enrolled,9 males and 6 females.The age of these patients was 7 months-16 years and 9 months.SNP-array revealed that two of the 15 patients had genomic CNV.Both CNV were de novo micro deletions,one involved 11q24.1q25 and the other micro deletion located on 21q22.2q22.3.Both micro deletions were proved to have a clinical significance due to their association with ID,brain DD,unusual faces etc.by querying Decipher database.Thirteen patients with negative findings in SNP-array were consequently examined with target gene sequencing technology,genotype-phenotype correlation analysis and genetic analysis.Five patients were diagnosed with monogenic disorder,two were diagnosed with suspected genetic disorder and six were still negative.Conclusion Sequential use of SNP-array and target gene sequencing technology can significantly increase the molecular genetic etiologic diagnosis rate of the patients with unexplained ID or DD.Combined use of these technologies can serve as a useful examinational method in assisting differential diagnosis of children with unexplained ID or DD.

Objective To explore the interaction between tryptophan hydroxylase 2(TPH2) gene polymorphisms (rs4570625,rs11178997) and serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A) gene polymorpbisms (rs878567,rs1364043,rs6265) and the association with major depressive disorder (MDD) in a Chinese Han population.Methods The DNA isolated from peripheral blood samples of 288 MDD patients 288 healthy subjects was detected by single base primer extension assay (Snapshot).The generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method was used to analyze the gene-gene interaction.Results Significant differences were found in the genotype (patients (TT:27,TA:152,AA:109),controls (TT:82,TA:105,AA:101),P＜0.01) and allele(patients (T:206,A:370),controls (T:269,A:307),P＜0.01) frequencies of rs1 1178997 within TPH2 between MDD patients and controls.Statistically,a greater risk of developing MDD was found in individuals with an rs1 1178997 A-allele(OR=1.574,95％CI=1.243-1.993).The interaction between TPH2 (rs4570625,rs1 1178997) and 5-HT1A (rs878567,rs1364043,rs6265) was considered as the best multi-locus model,and this showed a testing accuracy of 57.67％ and a CV consistency of 10/10.And this interaction had a significant effect on the risk of MDD (P=0.0107).Conclusion There may be an association between the interaction of TPH2 and 5-HT1A polymorphisms and MDD.