OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of Huanglian Jiedu decoction in reducing inflammation of abscess from the perspective of lncRNA NEAT1. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were divided into blank group, model group, Huanglian Jiedu decoction group and control group. After the intervention, the tissue were separated and collected under anesthesia. Animal experiment: the wound tissue of each group was observed by morphology. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect lncRNA NEAT1, miR-146a-5p gene level changes and RELA, TNF-α, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Collagen Ⅲ protein expression respectively. Cell experiments: Real-time PCR was used to detect the changes of lncRNA NEAT1 and miR-146a-5p gene levels. The effect of flow cytometry on apoptosis rate was detected. Fluorescence intensity was measured by FISH. The expression of related proteins was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with model and control group, the wound was repaired well and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the wound of the Huanglian Jiedu decoction group was reduced. Compared with the model and control group, the level of lncRNA NEAT1 and protein expressions of RELA, TNF-α, TGF-β1 in the Huanglian Jiedu decoction group were significantly reduced, while the gene level of miR-146a-5p and the protein expressions of α-SMA and Collagen III were significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with LPS+Lenti-control group, lncRNA NEAT1 gene level in LPS+Lenti-sh-NEAT1 group was significantly decreased, while miR-146a-5p gene level was increased(P<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that Huanglian Jiedu decoction could reduce the apoptosis rate and fluorescence intensity of lncRNA NEAT1(P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, the protein expressions of RELA, TNF-α, TGF-β1 in LPS group were significantly increased, while the protein expressions of α-SMA and Collagen III were significantly decreased (P<0.05). After sh-NEAT1 treatment, The regulatory effects of Huanglian Jiedu decoction on the expression of above molecule were reduced(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Huanglian Jiedu decoction can alleviate the inflammatory state of mouse abscess wound through lncRNA NEAT1, which is closely related to the regulation of miR-146a, RELA, TNF-α, TGF-β1, α-SMA and Collagen III expression.