The recent research of opioid receptors has achieved great progress, especially in the field of the protection of cardiac muscles in ischemic preconditioning, which makes people pay more attention to the relation ship between opioid receptors and cardiovascular system. This article summarizes the studies of opioid receptors, the measures they take to modulate cardiovascular system and the way they participate in ischemic proconditioning both at home and abroad.

BACKGROUND:Self-assembling peptide scaffolds have attracted much more attention among three dimensional biomaterials due to its biocompatibility, biodegradation, and tailor-made properties.
OBJECTIVE:To review the structure and design of functionalized self-assembling RADA peptide, and the recent advances in the use of RADA self-assembling peptide for three-dimensional cel culture in cel therapy applications.
METHODS:Total 224 literatures related to self-assembling peptide and tissue engineering from PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases were screened out for this review. The keywords were“self-assembly peptide, tissue engineering”in English and Chinese, respectively. Final y 48 of 224 articles about the design, fictionalization, and three-dimensional cel culture of peptide scaffolds were included in this review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Self-assembling peptide could undergo spontaneous assembly into wel-ordered interwoven nanofibers in water and rapidly form hydrogel, which physical y mimics the architecture of natural extracel ular matrix to ensure a real three-dimensional microenvironment for cel s. In terms of bio-function, this material can be tailor-made with various bioactive short peptide motifs to promote cel adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.

Objective: To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in the treatment of artial fibrillation complicated with digoxin poisoning and the entry points of pharmaceutical care.Methods: Clinical pharmacists participated in the therapy for a patient with atrial fibrillation and digoxin poisoning, monitored the blood concentration of digoxin combined with the characteristics of the patient, analyzed the causes of digoxin poisoning in terms of the underlying diseases, renal function and combined medication, and performed beneficial pharmaceutical care.Results: The suggestions of clinical pharmacists were adopted by doctors, digoxin was withdrawn timely and the drug poisoning was corrected.

AIM:To observe the effects of liraglutide on the level of microRNA-33 (miR-33) and the expres-sion of AMP-activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) and apoptosis-related proteins in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore its possible mechanism .METHODS:High-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin were used to establish the type 2 diabetic model in C57BL/6 mice.The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n=15 ):in control group , the normal mice were subcutaneously injected with equivalent volume of saline ;in model group , the T2DM mice were subcutaneously injected with equivalent volume of saline ; in low-and high-dose liraglutide treatment groups, the T2DM mice were subcutaneously injected with 100 and 200 μg? kg -1? d-1, respectively.After 4 weeks of administration, the levels of FBG, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT and AST were determined.HE staining was used to ob-serve the pathological changes of the liver tissues .The protein level of cleaved caspase-3 in the liver tissue was detected by the technique of immunofluorescence .The protein levels of p-AMPK/AMPK and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot .The expression of miR-33 in the liver tissues was detected by real-time PCR.RESULTS: Compared with model group, the contents of FBG, TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT and AST were decreased significantly , while the content of HDL-C was increased significantly in low-dose liraglutide group and high-dose liraglutide group ( P<0.05 ) .The protein levels of phosphorylated AMPK and Bcl-2 were up-regulated significantly , and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was down-regulated significantly (P<0.05).The level of miR-33 was decreased significantly (P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Liraglutide alleviates liver injury in type 2 diabetic mice , and the mechanism may be associated with reducing the level of miR-33 and increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK in the liver tissues , thereby inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis .

Objective To investigate the clinical value of micro-array technique in the detection of HBV pre-core and basic core promoter region variants. Methods Four spot mutations of A1896(nt1896G→A) and A1899( nt1899G→A) in precore region and T1762A1764(nt1762A→T,nt1764G→A) in basic core promoter region in 46 patients of acute and chronic liver diseases were detected by gene chips to investigate the clinical value of micro-array technique. Results Micro-array technique had a high specificity in the detection of specific mutation, and the positive rate was 87.0%. A1896 mutation was found in 18 cases (45.0%), A1899 mutation in 10 cases (25.0%), T1762 and A1764 double variants in 30 cases (75.0%), and poly-sites variants in 14 cases (35.0%). Significant difference in liver functions was found between each mutation group and non-mutation group (P

Objective:To establish animal model on the basis of the autoimmune etiology for a subset of cases of Tourette syndrome.Methods:Blood samples were drawn from patients with TS(by DSM-IV)and were sent for further enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA)to a laboratory.Eight serum samples with the highest concentration of anti-neural antibody were selected for TS model group,and 8 serum sampled with the lowest concentration of anti-neural antibody were selected for the control group.Osmotic mini pump filled with undiluted TS or control serum were microinfused into the rat striatum at a rate of 0.5 μl /h for 72 h.Stereotypic movements were recorded at 1 d,7 d,14 d and 21 d after microinfusion.Several categories of stereotypy including bites(teeth touching the cage,wood chips,vacuous chewing or other objects except the body),taffy pulling(raises of the forepaw to the mouth and face),self-gnawing,licking not associated with grooming,grooming,head shaking,paw shaking,rearing and episodic utterances(EU)were recorded.Results:The anti-neural antibody serum concentration used for TS model was(0.29±0.06) U/L,and that used in control group was (0.10±0.04) U/L.After infusion of TS sera,stereotypic behaviors in rats was increased significantly[(37.2±7.1) vs.(106.3±11.7),P=0.000].Significant difference were observed in stereotypies scores of TS rats compared to control rats after microinfusion[(106.3±11.7) vs.(31.2±6.2),P=0.000].Conclusion:Stereotypic behaviors are increased in rats after intrastriatal microinfusion of Tourette Syndrome sera under noninflammatory conditions.

Objective:To explore the feature of family environment and rearing styles of parents of children with Tourette syndrome(TS) and obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD).Methods:33 TS+OCD children , 40 pure TS children and 40 normal controls (criteria of DSM-IV) were collected.The instruments included Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version(FES-CV) and the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) of Chinese Version. Results:Compared with pure TS group and normal controls group, the scores of cohesion and emotion expression of the TS and OCD group were lower (5.7?1.4/7.1?1.4, 7.6?1.2, P

We measured baseline and activated (stimulated by 2 ug/ml collagen ) cytoplasmic ionozed calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i. [Ca2+ ]ic) in fura-2 loaded platelet to 31 patients with acute cerebral infarction and. 23 healthy controls. We also measured platelet calmodulin (CaM) content from part of the patients and controls. The result showed that [Ca2+]i , [Ca2+]ic and CaM were higher in patients (P

Objective: To study the inhibitive effect of soybean isoflavone on bone loss induced by the decrease of estrogen level in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Ovariectomized Wistar rats (n=48) were divided into six groups and given basic diet, or containing soybean isoflavone or diethylstilbestrol diet. After 16 weeks,estrogen and TRAP (tartrate -resistant acid phosphatase) and BGP (bone Gla-containing protein) in serum were determined. BMD (bone mineral density), bone calcium and phosphorus were measured. By using scanning electron microscope and histochemistry methods to observe the change of microstructure in trabecular bone. Result: Soybean isoflavone can significantly decrease the activity of bone resorption marker TRAP and increase the content of bone formation marker BGP. Soybean isoflavone posses weak estrogen effect and increase femur BMD and Ca, P content. Conclusion:Soybean isoflavone have significantly effect of anti-bone loss in ovariectomized rats.