Objective To evaluate the effect of intrathecal ganglioside GM-1 on chronic central pain (CCP) following spinal cord injury in rats.Methods Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-250 g,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C); group CCP; normal saline group (group N) and ganglioside GM-1 group (group GM).CCP was induced according to modified Allen method in CCP,N and GM groups.In group GM,ganglioside GM-1 20 mg/kg was injected intrathecally once a day,for 5 consecutive days,starting from 14th day after CCP,while the equal volume of nomal saline 10 μl was injected intrathecally in group N.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 4,8,16,24 and 48 h after the end of administration.The rats were then sacrificedat at 7 d after the end of adminmistration and L1 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of NMDA receptor 1 (NR1) by immuno-histochemistry.Results Compared with group C,MWT and TWL were significantly decreased,and NR1 expression was up-regulated in CCP and N groups (P ＜ 0.01),and no significant changes were found in MWT,TWL and NR1 expression in group GM (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group CCP,no significant changes were found in MWT,TWL and NR1 expression in group N (P ＞ 0.05),and MWT and TWL were significantly increased,and NR1 expression was down-regulated in group GM (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ganglioside GM-1 can alleviate CCP following spinal cord injury in rats and inhibition of expression of NR1 in the spinal cord may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To investigate the effects of inhaled aerosolized low dose ambroxol on the inflammatory response to one-lung ventilation (OLV) in patients undergoing open-chest esophagus surgery.Methods Sixty patients (aged 39-64 years,weighing 50-85 kg and with height of 153-181 cm) with normal heart and lung function undergoing open-chest esophagus surgery were randomly divided into three groups:20 patients receiving intravenous infusion of normal saline (control group,group C),20 receiving intravenous infusion of ambroxol 10 mg/kg after induction of anesthesia (group IA) and 20 inhaling aerosolized ambroxol 30 mg after induction of anesthesia (group AIA).Arterial blood samples were taken after induction of anesthesia before ambroxol administration (T0,baseline),after 90 minutes of OLV (T1) and at 30 minutes after OLV (T2) for determination of plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β),IL-8 and IL-10 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-8 in plasma significantly increased while the level of IL-10 in plasma significantly decreased at T1 and T2 as compared with the baseline at T0 in all the three groups.The levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-8 in plasma were significantly lower and the level of IL-10 in plasma was significantly higher at T1 and T2 in groups IA and AIA than in group C.Conclusion Both intravenous injection of large dose ambroxol and inhaled aerosolized low dose ambroxol can inhibit the inflammatory response to OLV in patients undergoing open-chest esophagus surgery.

Objective To investigate the effects of inhaled aerosolized low dose ambroxol on the inflammatory response to one-lung ventilation ( OLV) in patients undergoing open-chest esophagus surgery. Methods Sixty patients with normal heart and lung function undergoing open-chest esophagus surgery were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 each): control group (group C) ; group IA received Ⅳ ambroxol 10 mg/kg after induction of anesthesia and group AIA inhaled aerosolized ambroxol 30 mg after induction of anesthesia. Arterial blood samples were taken after induction of anesthesia before ambroxol administration (T0, baseline) , at 90 min of OLV (T1 )and at 30 min after OLV (T2) for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 by ELBA.Results Plasma TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 concentrations were significantly increased while plasma IL-10 concentration was significantly decreased at T1 and T2 as compared with the baseline at T0 in all 3 groups. Plasma TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 concentrations were significantly lower and plasma IL-10 concentration was significantly higher at T1 and T2 in groups IA and AIA than in group C. Conclusion Both Ⅳ large dose ambroxol and inhaled aerosolized low dose ambroxol can inhibit the inflammatory response to OLV in patients undergoing open-chest esophagus surgery.

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic postconditioning (IPO) on c-fos protein expression during renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Seventy-five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8-12 weeks,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n =25 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),I/R group and IPO group.Renal I/R injury was induced by clamping the bilateral renal pedicles for 1 h followed by 24 h of reperfusion in I/R and IPO groups.Five animals were sacrificed at 1,3,6,12 and 24 h of reperfusion and the left kidneys were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of the expression of c-fos protein by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with S group,the expression of c-fos protein was significantly up-regulated at each time point during reperfusion in I/R and IPO groups.Compared with I/R group,the expression of c-fos protein was significantly down-regulated at each time point during reperfusion in group IPO.The pathologic changes were significantly attenuated in group IPO as compared with group I/R.Conclusion The mechanism by which IPO attenuates renal I/R injury is related to down-regulation of c-fos protein expression in the renal tissues of rats.