[Summary] Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass on beating heart (BH-TECAB), a minimally invasive surgical approach with rapid postoperative recovery , is becoming the future trend of minimally invasive coronary surgery , which demands a higher standard for anesthetic management . It comprises pressured pneumothorax , unilateral lung ventilation , transesophageal echocardiography monitoring , hemodynamics maintaining , preparation for cardiopulmonary bypass and conversion to sternotomy , and ventricular fibrillation treatment , which require anesthesiologists to achieve more refined perioperative management and pathophysiological regulation .

0.05). Conclusions Following retroperitoneal laparoscopy, the cerebral blood flow is increased and no cerebral anoxia is found.

Objective To investigate the effects of neuromuscular blockade(NMB) by atracurium on facial nerve monitoring.Methods Twenty patients with chronic otitis media scheduled for radical mastoidectomy under general anesthesia were selected.Anesthetic inducement was made with sufentanil at 0.4 ?g/kg,lidocaine at 0.5~1 mg/kg,propofol at 2 mg/kg,and scoline at 1.5 mg/kg in their given order intravenously.After endotracheal intubation,mechanical ventilation was employed with an anesthetic machine.Intraoperative facial nerve minitorization was performed using the neuromuscular transmission monitor(TOF Guard) and the NMB level of right musculus adductor pollicis was assessed with the Nerve Integrity Monitoring System(Medtronic Inc.) simultaneously.No muscle relaxants were given until the electromyogram(EMG) of the facial nerve was induced.Propofol and sufentanil was administered intravenously to maintain the anesthesia.Minimal facial nerve stimulations(regarded as thresholds) causing EMG responses were measured during both nil NMB and 100% NMB by atracurium at 0.5 mg/kg.Results With propofol and sufentanil intravenously administered,the anesthesia was maintained successfully both before and after the administration of atracurium.The EMG of the facial nerve was induced even during the 100% NMB level by atracurium,but the thresholds were elevated significantly from 0.22?0.09 mA to 0.39?0.17 mA(t=-8.643,P=0.000).Conclusions Facial nerve monitoring can be performed even during the 100% NMB level by atracurium,with significant elevated stimulating thresholds.Propofol and sufentanil can be used to maintain adequate level of anesthesia without the need of muscle relaxants in radical mastoidectomy.

Objective To evaluate the prophylactic effect of continuous epidural block combined with desflurane anesthesia on increase of sympathetic neural activity induced by desflurane Methods Thirty patients were randomly allocated to two groups: desflurane anesthesia (DA) group (n=15) and epidural block combined with desflurane anesthesia (ECDA) group (n=15) After rapid induction with fentanyl propofol scoline, in DA group 2% desflurane in oxygen was inhaled firstly, then imposed with successive 1% increase of desflurane until balance and in ECDA group epidural blockade at T 9 10 or T 10 11 was firstly performed with 2% lidocain and other procedures were same as DA group The central venous blood samples were taken before induction, 30 min following desflurane inhalation(T 1), 60 min after operation beginning(T 2) and at the end of operation(T 3), to measure the plasma conentrations of catecholamine with high performance liquid chromatography Results Compared with baseline, following desflurane inhalation, MAP increased in DA group, but decreased in ECDA group, with significant difference between both groups As compared with the baselines, plasma epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations increased significantly in DA group at T 1, T 2 and T 3, but in ECDA group remained unsignificant changes at T 1, rose markedly at T 2 and T 3 EPI and NE levels were evidently higher in DA group at T 1 and T 2 than those in ECDA group Conclusions Continuous epidural blockade can effectively prevent the increasing in sympathetic neural activity induced by desflurane

BACKGROUND:Thrombus formation and neointimal hyperplasia still limit the use of small-caliber expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) vascular prosthesis with a diameter less than 6 mm for revascularization in the coronary or peripheral circulation. Bioactive surface heparin coating is one conceivable path for above-mentioned problems.OBJECTIVE: To elevate the anticoagulant property of ePTFE, this study promoted the patency of a novel small-caliber ePTFE vascular graft by modifying its luminal surface with covalently crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)/ p-diazonium diphenyl amine polymer/heparin gel (PVA/PA/Hep gel) and examined the hemocompatibility of the graft.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Observational experiments were performed at the Nanomedicine and Biosensor Lab,Biomedical Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology from May 2006 to June 2007.MATERIALS: The ePTFE vascular grafts (diameter of 4 mm), Nafion (Naf) and Poly(vinyl alcohol) (Aldrich, USA), heparin (Mw 12 000- 14 000) (Calbiochem, USA), p-diazonium diphenyl amine polymer (PA) (this lab, China) were used in this study.METHODS: ①The vascular graft surface was firstly modified with Nafion. ②Following the impregnation of the mixture of PVA/PA/Hep, covalent crosslinking between polyvinyl alcohol and heparin was performed using crosslinker PA under ultraviolet radiation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Contact angles, ②Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), ③Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothromhin time (PT), ④hemolysis test, ⑤platelet adhesion test and ⑥thrombosin inactivation test.RESULTS: ①The water contact angle of the vascular graft surface was greatly decreased after modifying. ATR-FTIR revealed the disappearance of diazonium groups at 2 172 cm-1 and 2 224 cm-1. Vascular prosthesis after modifying had prolonged APTT and PT, low percent hemolysis and low amount of platelet adhesion. Modified vascular prosthesis had inhibitory effect on thrombosin activity and good coating stability.CONCLUSION: Converage of PVA/PA/Hep has good antithrombotic function and low percent hemolysis, resulting in improving hemocompatibility of vascular prosthesis.

Objective To investigate the role of opioid receptors in remifentanil-induced attenuation of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n =15 each):sham operation group (group S),group I/R,remifentanil group (group R),naloxone group (group N),and naloxone + remifentanil group (group NR).Renal ischemia was induced by clamping the bilateral renal arteries for 45 min using an atraumatic clamp followed by reperfusion.In groups R and NR,remifentanil was infused at 1.0 μg· kg-1 · min-1 via the caudal vein starting from 15 min before ischemia until 30 min of reperfusion,while groups S,I/R and N received the equal volume of normal saline instead of remifentanil.In groups N and NR,naloxone 0.3 mg/kg was injected via the caudal vein at 20 min before ischemia and at 35 min after ischemia respectively,while groups S,I/R and R received the equal volume of normal saline instead of naloxone.Blood and urine samples were collected from the femoral vein and urinary bladder respectively at 24 h of reperfusion for determination of the levels of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN),urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT).The rats were sacrificed at 24 h of reperfusion and the renal tissues were removed for determination of nalondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Pathological changes in renal tissues were observed with light microscope.Results Compared withgroup S,the levels of serum Cr and BUN,urinary NAG and γ-GT,and MDA were significantly increased,while the activity of SOD was significantly decreased in the other 4 groups ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ) and pathological changes in renal tissues were observed in the other 4 groups.Compared with group I/R,the levels of serum Cr and BUN,urinary NAG and γ-GT levels,and MDA were significantly decreased,while the activity of SOD was significantly increased ( P ＜ 0.01 ),and the pathological changes were reduced in group R,and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in groups N and NR ( P ＞ 0.05).The pathological changes were similar in groups I/R,N and NR.Compured with group R,serum Cr and BUN concentrations,urinary NAG and γ-GT levels and MDA concent were increased,while SOD activity were decreased ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).Conclusion Opioid receptors mediate remifentanil-induced attenuation of renal I/R injury in rats.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of increasing end-tidal concentrations of sevoflurane and increasing stimulation voltage on motor evoked potentials,so as to provide evidence in making anesthesia plan for intraspinal tumor surgery.Methods:In the study,48 patients scheduled to undergo intraspinal tumor surgery [American Society of Anesthesiology,(ASA)Ⅰ-Ⅱ,18-65 years old]were enrolled. After general anesthesia induction,the patients were assigned to receive sevoflurane anesthesia of increa-sing end-tidal concentration in the sequence of 0.0%,0.5%,1 .0% and 1 .5% respectively,under a background of propofol and remifentanil.All the observations were done before the important steps of sur-gery.Remifentanil infusion rate was 0.2 μg /(kg·min),while the propofol infusion rate was adjusted to maintain the bispectral index values within the range of 30-50.At each concentration,4 stimulation voltages of 300 V,400 V,500 V and 600 V were employed to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs). The amplitude and latency of each MEP were compared.The success ratio was also recorded.Results:The concentration of sevoflurane and the stimulation voltage had impacts on the amplitude and latency of MEPs.Under each stimulation voltage,the MEPs amplitude decreased following increasing end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations,and significant differences were found in comparing 1 .5% sevoflurane (left 20.50 μV,70.71 μV,135.97 μV,190.00μV ,right 14.29 μV,50.71 μV,73.10μV,77.50μV) with 0.0% sevoflurane (left 143.00 μV,388.10 μV,484.53 μV,500.00 μV,right 176.00 μV, 407.60 μV,384.35 μV,451.00 μV)and 0.5% sevoflurane (left 100.00 μV,362.57 μV,444.05μV,435.00 μV,right 115.00 μV,207.15 μV,258.34 μV,358.50 μV),left χ2 =27.46,P<0.01,right χ2 =60.49,P<0.01;left χ2 =20.73,P<0.01,right χ2 =55.05,P<0.01;left χ2 =34.25,P<0.01,right χ2 =33.58,P<0.01;left χ2 =28.61,P<0.01 ,right χ2 =49.04,P<0.01;while there were no statistical differences in the latency changes (P =0.26 ).Under each end-tidal sevoflurane concentration,the MEPs amplitude increased following increasing stimulation voltages,and significant differences were found in comparing 300 V (left 143.00 μV,100.00 μV,61.50 μV,20.50μV ,right 176.00 μV,115.00 μV,41.07 μV,14.29 μV)with 400 V (left 388.10 μV,362.57μV,198.81 μV,70.71 μV,right 407.60 μV,207.15 μV,89.00 μV,50.71 μV)and 500 V (left 484.53 μV,444.05 μV,216.24μV,135.97 μV,right 384.35 μV,258.34μV,187.50μV,73.10μV)and 600 V (left 500.00 μV,435.00 μV,344.00 μV,190.00 μV,right 451.00 μV,385.50μV,156.00μV,77.50μV),leftχ2 =45.55,P<0.01,rightχ2 =25.73,P<0.01;leftχ2 =46.67, P<0.01,right χ2 =55.30,P<0.01;left χ2 =47.36,P<0.01,right χ2 =47.82,P<0.01;left χ2 =38.67,P<0.01,right χ2 =45.87,P<0.01;while the latencies were decreased,and significant dif-ferences were found in comparing 300 V with 400 V and 500 V and 600V(left F=7.50,P=0.01 ,right F=13.33,P<0.01),but the differences had little clinical significance.The success ratio decreased by increasing end-tidal sevoflurane concentration,and significant differences were found in comparing 1 .5%sevoflurane (left 43.8%,70.8%,77.1%,81.3%,right 37.5%,60.4%,75.0%,66.7%)with 0.0%sevoflurane (left 79.2%,87.5%,95.8%,93.8%,right 75.0%,95.8%,95.8%,95.8%)and 0.5%sevoflurane (left 72.9%,89.6%,95.8%,95.8%,right 66.7%,89.6%,95.8%,97.9%);the suc-cess ratio increased by increasing stimulation voltage,and significant differences were found in comparing 300 V(left 79.2%,72.9%,62.5%,43.8%,right 75.0%,66.7%,60.4%,37.5%)with 400 V(left 87.5%,89.6%,77.1%,70.8% ,right 95.8%,89.6%,79.2%,60.4%)and 500 V(left 95.8%, 95 .8%,9 1 .7%,77 .1%,right 95 .8%,95 .8%,8 1 .3%,75 .0%)and 600 V (left 93 .8%,95 .8%, 89.6%,81.3%,right 95.8%,97.9%,89.6%,66.7%),but there were no statistical differences in the success ratio of MEPs between the group with stimulation voltage of 600 V ,end tidal sevoflurane concen-tration of 1 .5% and the group with stimulation voltage of 300 V,end tidal sevoflurane concentration of 0.0% (P=0.22).Conclusion:Sevoflurane inhibited MEPs in a dose-dependent manner.It can de-crease the amplitudes and prolong the latencies.But increasing stimulation voltage will facilitate MEPs monitoring and increase the success ratio.Sevoflurane can be used in larger parts of MEPs monitoring surgery by increasing the stimulation voltage.

This study was aimed to investigate Baishile Capsule on behavior, memory and expression of SYN I and SYNA in hippocampal CA3 region of depression model rats. SD rats were randomly divided into six groups, which were the control group, depression model group, fluoxetine hydrochloride group, and the Baishile Capsule group (2.88 g·kg-1, 1.44 g·kg-1, 0.72 g·kg-1). The chronic stress depression model rats were established by chronic and mild unpredictable stressors as described in the literature. In the model group, medicine was intragastricly administered once per day and continued for 21 days. In the control group and model group, same volume of distilled water was intragastricly administered. The open-field test, preference for 1% sucrose solution, Morris water maze, and rate of weight were carried out and observed. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used in the observation of the expression of SYN I and SYNA in each group of model rats. The results showed that high-dosage Baishile Capsule can significantly increase the horizontal and vertical activities of score after two-week treatment (P< 0.01). The middle-dosage Baishile Capsule can significantly increase the horizontal activity of score after three-week treatment (P< 0.05). The rat's preference for sucrose solution was obviously increased in the high-dosage group after one-week treatment and in the middle-dosage group after three-week treatment (P< 0.01, or P< 0.05). The rate of weight of rats was obviously increased in the high-dosage group after two-week treatment and in the middle-dosage group after three-week treatment (P< 0.01, or P< 0.05). The high-dosage and middle-dosage Baishile Capsule can shorten EL, and significantly increase the number of target quadrant. The high-dosage Baishile Capsule can obviously shorten the target quadrant latency (P< 0.05). Compared with the model group, the immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed high-dosage Baishile can significantly promote the expression of SYN I and SYNA in hippocampal CA3 region; and the middle-dosage group can enhance the expression of SYNA (P < 0.05, or P <0.01). It was concluded that Baishile Capsule can obviously improve the behavior and the expression of SYN I and SYNA in hippocampal CA3 region of depression model rats.

AIM To study the influence of four extracts of traditional Chinese medicinal materials(sodium cantharidinate, matrine, cinobufotain and sodium ferlate) on the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cell line and breast cancer MCF7 cell line;the possible mechanism of sodium ferlate on the inhibition of A549 cells. METHODS The inhibition of cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay and cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS All four extracts of traditional Chinese medicinal materials showed growth inhibition to breast cancer MCF7 cells while only sodium ferlate showed inhibition to lung cancer A549 cells. Synergistic inhibition was found when sodium ferlate was combined with each of the three commonly-used chemotheraputic drugs. Sodium ferlate could induce A549 cell apoptosis. CONCULSION The inhibition of cell proliferation induced is by sodium cantharidinate, matrine, and cinobufotain is quite different between different cancer cell lines. Sodium ferlate can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and show synergistic action while combined with chemotheraputic drugs. The mechanism of sodium ferlate on A549 cell proliferation seem to be related to the cell apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Thrombus formation and neointimal hyperplasia limit its use for revascularization of small-caliber vessels (<6mm diameter) in the coronary or peripheral circulation.OBJECTIVE: To improve hemocompatibility, the luminal surface of a small diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Eptfe) vascular prosthesis was modified with alginate and recombinant hirudin.DESIGN: Observational experiment.SETTING: This study was performed in Nanomedicine and Biosensor Laboratory, Bio-X Center, Harbin Institute of Technology from Marcy 2006 to June 2007.MATERIALS: The GORE-TEX Epife vascular grafts (W. L Gore & Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ) used in this study were 4mm in internal diameter. rHir was obtained from Calbiochem, Germany. Sodium alginate (also called alginic acid sodium salt; medium viscosity) was purchased from Sigma.METHODS: A p-diazonium diphenyl amine polymer (PA) was used as an interlayer between alginate and recombinant hirudin (rHir). The diazonium moieties were capable of covalently coupling with electron-rich aromatic systems such as histidine and tyrosine residues of hirudin. No need for chemical pretreatment took all advantage by preserving the bulk properties with almost no effect on stability and elasticity of the Eptfe vascular graft. rHir amount on Epife surface Was determined by the Micro BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) Protein Assay kit.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Determination rHir amount on Eptfe surface; ② Static water contact angles; ③ Attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was employed to confirm the change taking place in the Eptfe graft surface modification process; ④ Characterization of the surface morphology and platelet adhesion by SEM; ⑤ APTT and PT; ⑥ Percent hemolysis.RESULTS: ① The amount of rHir adsorbed onto the Eptfe vascular was deduced to be 16.35 μg/cm2. ② Surface analysis ATR-FTTR revealed the presence of new functional groups on the modified graft surfaces. ③ The water contact angle of the modified graft surface decreased. ④ The longer APTT and PT value lower than 5% hemolysis level and dramatically decrease of platelet adhesion assay showed that rHir modified graft had great improved blood compatibility.CONCLUS10N: Cross-linked Alg/rHir onto Eptfe can improve luminal surface and hemocompatibility.