BACKGROUND:Treatment and rehabilitation of spinal cord injury is a complicated problem,andthe reconstruction and remyelination of neural reflex pathwaysare the essentialprocess, during which oligodendrocytes play an important role in spinal cord injury repair.
OBJECTIVE:To observe theeffect ofoligodendrocyte transplantation for acute spinal cord injury in rats.
METHODS:Insulin-like growthfactor 1 induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels differentiating into oligodendrocytes, and those oligodendrocytes were transplanted into rats with acute spinal cord injury as induced cel transplantation group. Simple normal salineandnatural oligodendrocytes were transplanted into the rat injured spinal cord as control group and oligodendrocyte group, respectively. Rat behavioral changes were observed by inclined planetest and Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores. Neurological recovery and survivalof the transplanted cels was detected and observed using spinal evoked potential and immunohistochemical staining, respectively.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, BBB scores and the criticalelevation angle oftheincline planetestsignificantly increased, latencies of spinal motor and sensory evoked potential were on the decline (P< 0.05), and there were no significant differencesin above indicators between the two groups at 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation. Moreover, survivedoligodendrocytes after transplantation could be found in the lesions of spinal cord in both two groups. In conclusion, insulin-like growth factor 1-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels can differentiate into oligodendrocytesthat exact an excelentrole in acute spinal cord injury repair after transplantation, which achieve the equal clinical efficacy tothenatural oligodendrocytes.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can depict mild papilledema and slight changes in the internal segment and external segment; measure thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer,retinal thickness and macular volume; detect missing axons and damage to the macular ganglion cell complex.Thus,OCT has important application values and widespread prospects in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of glaucoma and non-glaucoma optic neuropathy,optic nerve diseases and macular diseases,outer and inner retinopathy as well as evaluation of curative effects,follow-up observation,prognosis and mechanisms in neuroophthalmological diseases.Neuro-ophthalmologists should pay more attention to the exploration and application of OCT in the field of neuro-ophthalmology.

Background The research field of optic neuritis has developed rapidly and become more complex in recent years.It is very important for the reseachers and clinicians to known its status and the future trend.Objective This survey was to learn the distribution pattern,subject domain knowledge and worldwide research tendency of optic neuritis based on literatures in PubMed database.Methods Literatures on optic neuritis published in January 2000 to July 2012 were identified in PubMed database.The analytic dimention of an article included journal,published year,author,country and language.After core Mesh terms had been characterised by bibliographic item co-occurrence mining system (BICOMS),the co-occurrence matrix was built.Cluster analysis and multiple diamensional analysis were finished by SPSS 17.0.Then visualized network was drawn using ucinet 6.0.Results Totally 2 191 literatures were included,the number of articles increased from 105 in 2000 to 282 in 2011.The United States,England,Germany,Netherlands and Japan together accounted for 73.71％ of articles.There were 52 high-frequency subjects and hot topics were clustered into 9 categories.The visualized domain knowledge map was successfully built.The immunologic research was fully developed.The topic on etiology and diagnostic research,pathologic research,physiologic research and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) research had become core domain,while the studies of medication therapy,non-central nervous system idiopathetic demyelinating optic neuritis,epidemiology and genetics were not developed well.Conclusions Global optic neuritis publications display a continuous growth in the new millennium.The Big 5 in scientific literature on optic neuritis are the United States,England,Germany,Netherlands and Japan.The international main research focus includes 9 fields,which may provide reference or scholars both in scientific research and clinical research.

ObjectiveTo determine the bispectral index and dose of propofol at which 50 % of patients fall into unconsciousness during induction (BIS50 and EDs0 ). MethodsThirty unpremedicated ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients scheduled for elective surgery were included in this study. The patients did not take any sedatives or hypnotics and had no psychiatric disease. Loss of consciousness and changes in BIS during induction with propofol were studied by sequential experimental method. The loss of responses to verbal command and eyelash stimulation was used as an induction of unconsciousness. The data obtained were analyzed by linear regression and calculated to determine BIS50 and ED50 using weighted averaging method. ResultsThe BIS50 and ED50 for propofol were 79.17 and 1.0192 ng/kg with the 95％ confidence intervals of 72.08-88.55 and 0.94-1.148 mg/kg respectively. Conclusions The sequential experimental method for determination of ED50 is simple, efficient and reliable and also suitable for determination of BIS50.

Objective To discuss the relationship between bone mineral salt metabolism index change and bone density in different stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods Three hundred and forty-five non-dialysis patients with CKD were enrolled in this study.According to the serum creatinine (SCr),glomerular filtration rate (GFR),they were divided into stage 1-5.CKD 1 had 75 cases,CKD 2 had 65 cases,CKD 3 had 65 cases,CKD 4 had 65 casès,CKD 5 had 75 cases.The level of blood calcium (Ca),phosphorus (P) and SCr were detected by ion selective electrode method.The level of urea nitrogen (BUN) was detected by picric acid method.The level of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 1,25 (OH)2VitD3 were detected by chemiluminescence.Results With the decline of renal function,the level of iPTH and blood P increased gradually,especially in stage CKD 4 and CKD 5,and compared with stage CKD 1,there were significantly differences [(289.6578 + 187.7945),(482.0667 + 232.2065) μ g/L vs.(77.8431 + 52.9760) μ g/L and (1.6938 + 0.1960),(2.6034 ± 0.5986) mmol/L vs.(1.3833 ± 0.4068) mmol/L,P ＜ 0.05].The level of blood Ca and 1,25 (OH)2VitD3 decreased gradually,especially in stage CKD 4 and CKD 5,and compared with stage CKD 1,there were significantly differences [(1.9185 +0.4633),(1.8293 ± 0.3075) mmol/L vs.(2.0893 + 0.2245) mmoi/L and (10.0892 + 0.2638),(7.6058 +0.4356) ng/L vs.(18.0036 + 0.3218) ng/L,P ＜ 0.05].With the decline of renal function,the proportion of osteoporosis also gradually increased,especially in stage CKDS,and compared with stage CKD 1 and CKD 2,there was significantly difference [60.00％ (45/75) vs.20.00％ (15/75),23.08％ (15/65),P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion With the decline of renal function,the level of blood P and iPTH increase,and blood Ca,1,25(OH)2VitD3,bone density decrease,especially in stage CKD 4 and CKD 5 patients.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of Smilax Glabra Roxb on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) induced by IL-1 in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods Take human umbilical vascular endothelial cells as study subject, use immunofluorescence staining, serum pharmacology of the traditional Chinese medicine and flow cytometer. The level of VCAM-1 is represented by the mean fluorescence intensity. Results IL-1 increases the expression of VCAM-1, the expression of VCAM-1 in group of serum containing drugs is lower than control group. Conclusion Smilax Glabra Roxb can inhibit the effect of IL-1 induced increase of VCAM-1 expression in HUVECs.

Objective:To investigate the effects of LPS on the IL-6 expression in osteoblasts.Methods:Rat calvarial osteoblasts were primarily cultured. LPS from Escherichia coli with different concentration were administrated. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify the IL-6 mRNA expression of the cells. The intensities of electrophoresis bands were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect IL-6 protein production. The data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 software package.Results:E. coli LPS with concentrations of 1?10-5 g/L-1?10-3 g/L induced IL-6 mRNA and IL-6 protein expression in osteoblasts. Statistically significant differences were detected at concentrations 1?10-4,1?10-3 g/L E.coli LPS.Conclusion:LPS can increase the expression of IL-6 in osteoblasts in the gene and protein levels. IL-6 may play an important role in the alveolar bone metabolism.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of vertigo associated with changes of head position.Methods 112 patients of vertigo associated with changes of head position were analyzed from June 2006 to December 2007 through the positional tests and imaging examination.Results 45 men and 67 women from ages 12 to 75 (median 50) were included with a total of 112 patients.88 patients were diagnosed as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV),76 patients as posterior semicircular canals BPPV,9 patients as horizontal semicircular canal BPPV,3 patients as anterior semicircular canals BPPV,9 patients as suspicious BPPV.They were treated by canalith repositioning procedure,the total improvement rate was 96.9% after 1 week.15 cases of cervical vertigo were treated by physical therapy and medication,the vertigo of 4 patients disappeared and of 11 patients was improved significantly after 2 weeks.Conclusion The positional tests and cervical plain x-ray are the simplest ways to diagnose vertigo associated with changes of head position.Physical therapy and medication are effective.It is suitable to promote in the grass-roots hospitals.

BACKGROUND:It is controversial whether bone marrow mobilization can retain in cardiac injured position in congestive cardiomyopathy or differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells.
OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-GSF) on myocardium and angiogenesis in rats with congestive cardiomyopathy.
METHODS:Fifty Wistar rats with heart failure caused by adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy were divided into heart failure group (n=20) treated with normal saline and bone marrow mobilization (n=30) treated with subcutaneous injection of recombinant human G-GSF. Ten rats from the bone marrow mobilization were kil ed at day 6 of mobilization, and myocardial tissue was taken for CD43 immunofluorescent staining. Blood samples were taken from the rat tail in each group before and 5 days after treatment to count total number of white blood cells and percentage of mononuclear cells. Meanwhile, mononuclear cells extracted from the peripheral blood were used for flow cytometry detection. At day 5 after treatment, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg) was successively given to al rats for 4 weeks before they were sacrificed. Myocardial tissues were taken to determine the homing of mononuclear cells and evaluate differentiation of mononuclear cells into cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells using BrdU staining, BrdU/myosin heavy chain double staining, and BrdU/actin double staining. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for determination of blood vessel density.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:G-CSF mobilization increased the number of mononuclear cells that was significantly higher than before treatment (P<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the number of CD34-positive mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood was higher in the bone marrow mobilization than in the heart failure group (P<0.05). Myocardial CD34 immunofluorescence showed that the heart failure group was negative and the bone marrow mobilization group was positive. In the bone marrow mobilization group, the myocardial tissue was positive for BrdU staining, BrdU/myosin heavy chain double staining and BrdU/actin double staining, while vascular endothelial cells in the region of myocardial injury was positive for BrdU;conversely, the heart failure group was negative. The density of blood vessels in the bone marrow mobilization group was significantly higher than that in the heart failure group (P<0.001). These findings indicate that bone marrow mobilization increases the number of mononuclear cells, and these cells are homing to myocardial injury, thereby playing a repair role in the myocardium and vascular tissue of heart failure rats with congestive cardiomyopathy.

Background The aqueous flare is obvious in uveitic glaucomatous eye due to the damage of blood-aqueous barrier,especially following intraocular surgery.How to quantitatively determine the aqueous flare is important for us to understand the severity of inflammatory response.Objective This study was to assess inflammatory response following Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in uveitic glaucomatous eye.Methods A nonrandomized controlled study was carried out under the approval of Ethic Committee of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University.Twenty-nine eyes of 29 subjects with refractory glaucoma were enrolled this hospital from October 2011 through July 2012.The patients were divided into the uveitic glaucoma group (10 eyes) and the other refractory glaucoma group (19 eyes) with the matched demography,and Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation was performed on all the eyes under the informed consent of each patient.The aqueous flare value was determined with FC-2000 flare-cell photometry and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with Goldmann tonometer before surgery and 1 day,3 days,1 week,2 weeks,1 month and 3 months after surgery.The outcomes were compared between the two groups,and the correlation of aqueous flare value with IOP was analyzed.Results In the uveitic glaucoma group,the aqueous flare values were 21.10 (10.50,38.58) photoparticles/ms,88.00 (23.55,168.63) photoparticles/ms and 29.90 (8.90,65.18)photoparticles/ms 1 day,3 days and 1 week after surgery,which were significantly higher than 13.53 (7.60,24.00) photoparticles/ms before surgery (all at P＜0.01).The same trend was found in the other refractory glaucoma group.In addition,the aqueous flare value was higher in the uveitic glaucoma group than that in the other refractory glaucoma group in 3 months after surgery (q=-3.445,P＜0.01).No significant differences were seen in IOP between the two groups at various time points (all at P＞0.05).Also,no significant correlations were seen between IOP and aqueous flare value in all patients at various time points (preoperation:rs =0.136,P =0.481; postoperative 1 day:rs =0.019,P =0.922 ; postoperative 3 days:rs =-0.035,P =0.858 ; postoperative 1 week:rs =0.317,P=0.094; postoperative 2 weeks:rs =0.034,P =0.861 ; postoperative 1 month:rs =-0.094,P =0.628 ; postoperative 3 months:rs =0.065,P =0.738).Conclusions FC-2000 flare-cell photometry can reflect the inflammatory reaction of the anterior chamber following Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in various types of refractory glaucomatous eyes.The postoperative inflammatory response is more serious and lasting in uveitic glaucomatous eye.