Background Sulforaphane (SFN) is an effective chemopreventive agent and can regulate the biological molecular mechanisms to inhibit the overgrowth of cells.Autophagy is a biological process of maintaining cellular internal environment.Understanding the affection of SFN to biological behavior of human lens epithelial cells (LECs) and the association of SFN with autophagy is helpful for the prevention and target treatment of posterior capsule opacification (PCO).Objective This study was to investigate the eradication effeccts of SFN on residual lens cell population in vitro posterior capsule opacification (PCO) model and evaluate the mechanism of SFN-induced cell death.Methods In vitro human capsular bag models were generated from fresh donor eyes by phacoemulsification and were cultured in EMEM containing 2％ fetal bovine serum (FBS).Different concentrations of SFN (0,1,10 and 100 μ mol) were added in the medium for 30 days respectively according to grouping,and the growth of LECs was observed by optical microscope and immunofluorescence technique.FHL124,a human LEC line,was cultured with EMEM containing 5％ FBS and divided into 0,1,10,30 and 100 μmol SFN groups.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate in the medium was detected to evaluate cell damage/death.The migration of the cells on capsular bags was assessed by scratch test.The ultrastructure and number of autophagosomes were examined under the transmission electron microscope.The expression of LC3 in the cells were detected using Western blot in the presence or absence of autophagy inhibitors.Results The cell coverage rates on the capsular bags were significantly lower in the 10 and 100 μ mol/L SFN groups than those in the 0 and 1 μmol/L SFN groups,with a statistically significant difference among the groups (F =48.57,P ＜ 0.01).Immunofluorescence showed that the density of F-actin-and Vimentin-positive cells was evidently decreased in the 10 and 100 μmol/L SFN groups compared with 0 and 1 μ mol/L SFN groups.The releasing levels of LDH (absorbancy) were 0.19± 0.03,0.39±0.06,0.56±0.07,0.68±0.08 and 0.89±0.09 in the 0,1,10,30 and 100 μ mol/L SFN groups,respectively,and the releasing level of LDH was gradually increased in the 10 and 100 μ mol/L SFN groups in comparison with the 1 μmol/LSFN group (all at P＜0.01).With the increase of SFN concentration,the reduction rate of scratched area decreased with the increase of SFN concentration,and the decrease of scratch area was significantly lower than that of adjacent low mass concentration group and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05).The relative expressions of LC3-Ⅱ protein were 0.423±0.003,14.543±0.024,0.668±0.024 and 0.576±0.056 in the blank control group,SFN group,SFN + 3-MA group and 3-MA group,respectively,and the relative expressions of LC3-Ⅱ protein were significantly lower in the SFN+3-MA group and 3-MA group than those in the SFN group (all at P＜0.01).The number of autophagosomes was 4.07±0.32,4.13±0.34,9.21 ±0.53 and 21.02± 1.34 in the blank control group,and 1,10,100 μmol/L SFN groups,and the number of autophagosomes in the 10 and 100 μ mol/L SFN groups was significantly higher than that in the blank control group and 1 μmol/L SFN group (all at P＜0.01).Conclusions SFN mediates LECs death by promoting autophagy in ex vivo capsular bags,and SFN may be a novel agent of potential chemopreventive and target treatment for PCO.

Objective:To investigate the serum levels of myonectin, corticostatin and Delta like ligand 4 (DLL4) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diabetes retinopathy (DR) and their clinical significance.Methods:A prospective selection of 341 T2DM patients admitted to Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huairou Hospital from May 2020 to March 2022 was conducted. The patients underwent fundus examination and were divided into a non DR group ( n=85 cases) and a DR group ( n=256 cases) based on DR diagnostic criteria. The DR group was divided into non proliferative and proliferative types according to the staging criteria in China′s DR clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines, with 142 cases and 114 cases, respectively; 190 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of serum sarconectin, corticostatin, and DLL4 in three groups, collect patient data, and detect biochemical indicators. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of DR, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between serum sarconectin, corticostatin, DLL4, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance; Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of DR, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between serum sarconectin, corticostatin, DLL4, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance; The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of serum sarconectin, corticostatin, and DLL4 in DR. Results:The levels of serum sarconectin and DLL4 in the DR group and non DR group were higher than those in the control group, while the levels of corticostatin were lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05); The levels of sarconectin and DLL4 in the DR group were higher than those in the non DR group, while the levels of corticostatin were lower than those in the non DR group (all P<0.05). The serum levels of sarconectin and DLL4 in proliferative DR patients were higher than those in non proliferative DR patients, while the levels of corticostatin were lower than those in non proliferative DR patients (all P<0.05). The duration of T2DM in the DR group was longer than that in the non DR group, with smoking and alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were higher than those in non DR group (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the course of T2DM, systolic blood pressure, smoking and alcohol consumption, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, myonectin, corticostatin and DLL4 were the influencing factors of DR (all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis results showed that serum sarconectin, DLL4, and fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were positively correlated (all P<0.05), while cortisol was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and HOMA-IR (all P<0.05). The ROC analysis results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of DR was 0.691, 0.745, 0.749, and 0.861 for sarconectin, corticostatin, and DLL4 alone and in combination, respectively. The combined application had higher diagnostic value. Conclusions:Patients with T2DM complicated with DR have elevated levels of serum sarconectin and DLL4, while decreased levels of corticostatin, which are closely related to glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, and are influencing factors for the occurrence of DR. Combined detection of the three can improve the value of predicting DR.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on white adipose tissue angiogenesis in high fat diet rats.Methods Twenty-four male weaning SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,high fat diet group and EGCG intervention group,8 rats in each group.Normal control group were fed with normal diet,high-fat diet group were fed with high-fat diet,EGCG intervention group were fed with high-fat diet along with intragastric administration of 200 mg/ (kg · d) EGCG.After 8 weeks,the rats were sacrificed.The adipocyte size and vascular density of the abdominal adipose tissue in rats in each group were observed under the microscope.The serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration was detected by Elisa Kit.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of VEGF,nuclear factor E2 (Nrf2),heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),catalase (CAT),SOD,GPx,interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA.Results The adipocyte size,number of vascular/each adipocyte,serum VEGF concentration and VEGF mRNA expression in adipose tissue of high fat diet group were significantly higher than those of normal control group (all P＜0.05).EGCG can significantly reduce the above indicators of high fat diet group (all P＜0.05).The expression of Nrf2,HO-1,SOD,GPx and CAT mRNA in adipose tissue of EGCG group was significantly higher than those in high fat diet group and normal control group (all P＜0.05).The expression of MCP-1 and IL-6 mRNA in adipose tissue of EGCG group was significantly lower than that in high fat diet group (all P＜0.05).Conclusion EGCG can decrease the production of serum VEGF,vascular density and the expression of VEGF mRNA in white adipose tissue of high fat diet rats,and inhibit the angiogenesis in white adipose tissue possibly due to its up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD,CAT,GPx),reduce ROS production and decrease the inflammatory response.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effect of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined total peeling of internal limiting membrane (ILM) versus fovea-sparing peeling of ILM for myopic foveoschisis.Methods:A evidence-based medicine study. Chinese and English as search terms for myopic foveoschisis, vitrectomy, and peeling of internal limiting membrane were used to search literature in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, VIP database, PubMed of National Library of Medicine, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The high myopic macular schisis was selected as the research object, the intervention method was PPV combined with complete ILM peeling and combined with foveal preservation ILM peeling surgery clinical control study between Jan 1, 2010, and Jun 31, 2021. Incomplete or irrelevant literature and review literature were excluded. The method of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale system was used to evaluate the included literature. The literature was meta-analyzed by RevMan5.3 software. The mean difference ( MD) and a confidence interval ( CI) of 95% were used to describe the effect sizes of continuous data, fixed effects model was performed. The data including the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central fovea thickness (CFT), and postoperative macular hole (MH) were analyzed. Results:In those databases, 232 articles based search stratery were totally retrieved, and 10 articles (417 eyes) were finally included for meta-analysis with 245 eyes for PPV combined total peeling of ILM and 172 eyes for PPV combined fovea-sparing peeling of ILM. Meta-analysis results showed there was no significant difference in BCVA and CFT between the two groups (BCVA: MD=0.05, 95% CI 0.00-0.11; P>0.05; CFT: MD=-4.79, 95% CI -18.69-9.11, P>0.05). It was compared with the incidence of MH, the difference was statistically significant (odds ratio=5.70, 95% CI 2.22-14.61, P<0.05). Conclusion:BCVA and CFT could be improved by PPV combined total and fovea-sparing peeling of ILM for myopic foveoschisis; compared with complete ILM peeling, the incidence of MH was lower after foveal-sparing ILM peeling.

Protein aggregation plays an essential role in the development of cataracts.In recent years,gene sequencing and other molecular biological techniques have been widely used in the study of protein aggregation,whose intrinsic mecha-nisms have been gradually elucidated.Gene mutations,isomerization and covalent modifications,compound and ionic in-teractions,and protein interactions are all causes of protein aggregation.This article focuses on the above four causes to review the research progress on the effect of protein aggregation in the development of cataracts,so as to provide informa-tion and reference for subsequent studies.

BACKGROUNDThe evaluation of retinal image quality in cataract eyes has gained importance and the clinical modulation transfer functions (MTF) can obtained by aberrometer and double pass (DP) system. This study aimed to compare MTF derived from a ray tracing aberrometer and a DP system in early cataractous and normal eyes.

METHODSThere were 128 subjects with 61 control eyes and 67 eyes with early cataract defined according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III. A laser ray-tracing wavefront aberrometer (iTrace) and a double pass (DP) system (OQAS) assessed ocular MTF for 6.0 mm pupil diameters following dilation. Areas under the MTF (AUMTF) and their correlations were analyzed. Stepwise multiple regression analysis assessed factors affecting the differences between iTrace- and OQAS-derived AUMTF for the early cataract group.

RESULTSFor both early cataract and control groups, iTrace-derived MTFs were higher than OQAS-derived MTFs across a range of spatial frequencies (P < 0.01). No significant difference between the two groups occurred for iTrace-derived AUMTF, but the early cataract group had significantly smaller OQAS-derived AUMTF than did the control group (P < 0.01). AUMTF determined from both the techniques demonstrated significant correlations with nuclear opacities, higher-order aberrations (HOAs), visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity functions, while the OQAS-derived AUMTF also demonstrated significant correlations with age and cortical opacity grade. The factors significantly affecting the difference between iTrace and OQAS AUMTF were root-mean-squared HOAs (standardized beta coefficient = -0.63, P < 0.01) and age (standardized beta coefficient = 0.26, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSMTFs determined from a iTrace and a DP system (OQAS) differ significantly in early cataractous and normal subjects. Correlations with visual performance were higher for the DP system. OQAS-derived MTF may be useful as an indicator of visual performance in early cataract eyes.

Aberrometry ; methods ; Adult ; Aged ; Cataract ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Visual Acuity ; physiology