The medical humanistic spirit is very important,but it has been seriously neglected.It is the key to educate medical students with accomplishment of medical humanistic spirit.And it is also necessary to renew the concept of courses,making the relation between the courses of medical humanitic spirit and specialized profession.The Medical College of Shantou University has practised effectively.

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test contributes a lot to the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) and, along with imaging-guided prostate biopsy, has improved the diagnosis rate of lower-risk PCa and the accuracy of its clinical staging. However, many questions and controversies remain as to the choice of optimal biopsy strategies. Scholars differ in views about how to utilize PCa-related biomarkers to optimize the detection of initial and repeat biopsies. This review focuses on the present status of and advances in transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy for PCa.
Humans ; Image-Guided Biopsy ; methods ; Male ; Prostate ; pathology ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Ultrasonography, Interventional ; methods

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia, Aplastic ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein Kinase C ; metabolism ; Protein Kinase C-theta ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; cytology ; Th1 Cells ; cytology ; Young Adult

Type 2 diabetes is a hypermetabolic disease characterized with disorders of glucose/lipid metabolism, absolute or relative lack of insulin, and can induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormal release of inflammatory factors can lead to abnormal signal transduction in skeletal muscle, thus make protein synthesis and degradation imbalance and eventually causing muscle atrophy. Under normal conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). AKT not only increases protein synthesis through mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR), but also phosphorylates forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor and then inhibits the transcription of several ubiquitin ligases (such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1), or autophagy related genes. The weakened IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in type 2 diabetes is an important factor leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that the commonly used anti-type 2 diabetic drugs have different effects in regulating the synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein. Studies reported that drugs with effect of anti-diabetic muscle atrophy include thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide analogs, glucose-sodium cotransporter 2 inhibitors, etc.; drugs that are still in controversial or even promote skeletal muscle atrophy include metformin, and some sulfonylurea or non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues. This article overviewed and analyzed the currently commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes and summarized the related mechanisms, with the aim to provide references for the rational applications of drugs for type 2 diabetes.

Wound healing is a complex and highly regulated process to maintaining the skin barrier function. Wounds of diabetic patients are hard or even not healing. Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers can lead to lower-extremity amputations. Diabetic wound healing problem is the main complication that leads to high disability rate of diabetes and can threaten the lives in severe cases. The healing of skin wounds requires the synergy of multiple factors to restore the injured skin to its barrier function. The mechanisms that cause it difficult to heal diabetic wounds are complex, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, decreased neovascularization, peripheral neuropathy, and imbalance of extracellular matrix accumulation and remodeling. This review classifies mechanisms of diabetic wound healing and provides a reference for its further research.

Objective To summarize the contrast enhanced ultrasonographic (CEUS) features of benign focal liver lesions, on and to investigate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of benign focal liver lesion. Methods The contrast enhanced ultrasonographic performance of 68 benign focal liver lesions cases which were dififcult for routine ultrasound diagnosis and conifrmed by pathology or follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square test of four-fold table were used to compare the diagnostic coincidence rate of conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Results The 68 cases of benign focal liver lesions included complex cysts (n=7), liver hydatids (n=2), liver abscess (n=15), focal nodular hyperplasia (n=8), angiomyolipoma (n=2), hepatocellular adenoma (n=4), focal fat accumulation (n=16), inlfammatory pseudotumor (n=12), solitary necrotic nodule (n=1), intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma (n=1). There were no enhancement among 7 complex cysts, 2 liver hydatids and 1 solitary necrotic nodule. Isoenhancement was detected in focal fat accumulation (n=16);hypoenhancement during the arterial phase and sustained enhancement during the portal or late phase was found in focal nodular hyperplasia (n=8) and angiomyolipoma (n=2). Grid-like enhancements during the arterial phase and isoenhancement or hypoenhancement during the portal phase, and hypoenhancement during the late phase was presented in liver abscess (n=15). Hyperenhancement during the arterial phase were detected in 4 cases of hepatocellular adenoma, 3 of which showed isoenhancement or hyperenhancement during the portal and delayed phase, one case showed hypoenhancement during the portal phase. Eight cases of all the inlfammatory pseudotumor showed no enhancement during all phases;3 cases showing grid enhancement during the arterial phase and the enhancement washed out rapidly;1 case showed mild edge enhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the delayed phase. The solid part of the intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma showed hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the portal and late phase.The central area showed no enhancement during all phase. The coincidence rate between pathology and conventional ultrasound diagnosis was 61.8%(42/68). The coincidence rate between pathology and contrast- enhanced ultrasound diagnosis was 92.6%(63/68). The coincidence rate of contrast-enhanced ultrasound diagnostic was higher than that of conventional ultrasound, with a statistically signiifcant difference (χ2=8.17, P < 0.01). Conclusion Real-time gray-scale contrast-enhanced sonography can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for benign focal liver lesions.

Objective To explore the causes of subclinical hypothyrodism in children and the effects of the interventional therapy with thyroixine on the course of it.Methods Two hundreds children with subclinical hypothyroidism were measured for thyroglobulin antibody(TGAb),thyroid microsomal antibody(TMAb) in the blood serum,examined by colord Dopplor ultrasonic,examined by fine needle aspiraton cytology of the throid and measured the rate of 131I absorbed by thyroid in order to find out the causes of the disease.Two hundreds cases were randomly divided into two groups on the base of the cause of diseases,treatment group 100 cases and control group 100 cases.The treatment group were treated by throxine 25-75 ?g/d and the therapeutic dosage were chosen with the normal value of free triiodothyronine(FT3),free thyroxine(FT4)and high sensitive thyrotropin(sTSH) in the blood serum .After one year thyroxine therapy were stopped.Thyroid function was examined 6 months later after stopping the thyroxine.Results Among all of the causes of subclinical hypothyroidism in children,Hasgumoto′s thyroiditis accounts for 56%,simple goiter accounts for 26%,antithyroid drug accounts for 6%,the lack of thyroxine substitution therapy on the hypothyroidism accounts for 5% and undefined causes accounts for 7% .The thyroid function could keep normal for 1 year with an alternative therapy with thyroxine on subclinical hypothyroidism in children.Half a year later after stopping thyroxine,the thyroid function turned normal in most of the children.There were obvious differences in the ratio of cure and the ratio of effectiveness between treatment group and control group (t=20.2,3.2 Pa

Aged ; Giant Cells ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology

Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China over one hundred years. But its effect on antioxidant and drug-metabolizing enzymes are unknown. This study was to observe the effects of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) on the activities of antioxidant and drug metabolism enzymes (DMEs) in liver of rats. Male SD rats, treated with XFZYD at the dosage of 3.51, 7.02 and 14.04 g x kg(-1) per day for 15 days, serum were collected, tissue fluid, cytosols and microsomes isolated from liver tissues were prepared by centrifugation according to the standard procedure, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and drug-Metabolizing Enzymes were determined by UV-V is spectrophotometer. In serum, the activities of AST was not significantly affected by the treatment with XFZYD, at the high- est dose, the levels of ALT, Cr and BUN were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). GPX were significantly increased at the dose of 7.02, 14.04 g x kg(-1) (P < 0.05), CAT were significantly increased at the highest dose (P < 0.05). T-SOD was not significantly af- fected by this treatment. In the liver tissue, GPX was significantly increased at the dose of 3.51, 7.02 g x kg(-1) (P < 0.05), GST, CAT and T-SOD were not significantly affected following this treatment. In cytosols, GST was significantly increased at the dose of 3.51 g x kg(-1) (P < 0.05), T-SOD was remarkable induced at the dose of 3.51 and 7.02 g x kg(-1) (P < 0.05). In microsomes, XFZYD had no significant effect on Cytochromeb5, NADPH-Cytochrome P450 reductase, CYP3A, CYP2E1 and UGT, XFZYD significantly in- duced GST at the dose of 3.51 and 7.02 g x kg(-1) (P < 0.05), and the level of GSH were significantly increased by XFZYD at the dose of 3.51, 7.02 and 14.04 g kg(-1) (P < 0.05). These findings suggest XFZYD can induce the activities of GPX, CAT, SOD, GST and increase GSH level in liver of rats, which indicate XFZYD may have detoxification and antioxidant functions.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; drug effects ; Liver ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The origin of 5-HMF (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde) in a Shengmaiyin decoction was investigated by the RP-HPLC method below. A C(18) column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, i.d. 5 microm) with a column temperature of 25 degrees C was used. The mobile phase was a mixture of ultra-pure water-acetonitrile (95:5, V/V) and the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 280 nm. The injection volume was 1 microl and the running time was about 20 min. The addition of Schisandra was regulated to assess the contribution of an acid environment to the production of 5-HMF. In order to confirm the role of saccharides in the production of 5-HMF, different amount of fructose was used. The 5-HMF level in decoctions of processed and unprocessed Schisandra was investigated in order to determine the origin of 5-HMF. The results showed that 5-HMF was derived mainly from the decoction of Schisandra only and not the mixed decoction of Ophionpogon and Schisandra. The appearance of 5-HMF is not simply the result of the decomposition of saccharides under the acid environment created by Schisandra, but the processing procedure plays an important role in the production of 5-HMF.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fructose ; metabolism ; Furaldehyde ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Schisandra ; chemistry