Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-? (PPAR-?) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and participates in the regulation of various metabolic pathways as well as inflammatory responses. PPAR-? ligands significantly improve myocardial functional recovery and prevent ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. Given the increasing understanding of the cardioprotective effects of PPAR-? ligands,we know today that the therapeutic effects of PPAR-? ligands reach far beyond their use as insulin-sensitizers,as many of these agents exert beneficial effects in the conditions associated with ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation.

AIM: To extract Zanthoxylum oil from the seeds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxin, and find out a better extraction method and its optimized operating conditions. METHODS: Zanthoxylum oil was extracted by distillation method, solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, respectively. The products gained in each experiment was analyzed by GC after it had been methyl esterified. RESULTS: The yield of Zanthoxylum oil extracted by distillation, solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction was 0.88 %, 13.73 % and 13.52 %, respectively, and its content of unsaturated fatty acid 4.50 %, 65.97 %, 74.97 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: Supercritical fluid extraction was the better of the three mehtods, whose optimized operating conditions consisted of 30 MPa pressure, 50 ?C operating temperature and 5 h extraction time.

Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and participates in the regulation of various metabolic pathways as well as inflammatory responses. PPAR-γ ligands significantly improve myocardial functional recovery and prevent ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. Given the increasing understanding of the cardioprotective effects of PPAR-γ ligands, we know today that the therapeutic effects of PPAR-γ ligands reach far beyond their use as insulin-sensitizers, as many of these agents exert beneficial effects in the conditions associated with ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation.

11.0 mmol/L).Perioperative decontamination in digestive tract was a protective factor in the prevention of bacterial infection.Conclusion Bacterial infection is one of the most severe complications after OLT.Therefore,it is very important to remove those risk factors,make early diag- nosis and take effective treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for the determination of phenolic acids, anthraquinones, and flavonoids in Xanthii Herba at different harvest time by UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS and analyze the dynamic accumulation of multiple active components in Xanthii Herba. METHODS: Chromatographic separation was conducted on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column with gradient elution using methanol and 0.2% formic acid as mobile phases. MS analysis was carried out using electrospray ionization in negative MRM mode. Grey related degree was used for the comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS: The calibration curves for the 18 components showed good linearity (r>0.9994) in the range of the tested concentrations. The average recoveries of the 18 components were from 96.96% to 102.55% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 3%. There were differences in the contents of 18 components in Xanthii Herba at different harvest periods. Xanthii Herba had high quality in late July and mid-July. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the rule of the dynamic accumulation of 18 components in Xanthii Herba and provides information for the suitable harvest time.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) method for simultaneousn determination of nchlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, neochlorogenic acid, and cynarin in the herbs of Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus. METHODS: 50 mmol·L^-1 borax-water was used as buffer solution (pH 9.54). The separation was performed on an uncoated fused silica capillary (64.5 cm×75 μm, 56 cm of effective length) maintained at 25℃ at voltage of 25 kV. The detection wavelength was 326 nm, and the sample was injected at 25 kPa×6 s. RESULTS: The calibration curves of the seven phenolic acid showed good linearity (r>0.9994) in the ranges of the tested concentrations, and the average recoveries of the method were between 99.85%-102.70%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and can be used for the quality evaluation and control of Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus.

Objective: To analyze the difference of chemical compositions in Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus. Methods: Eight batches of Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus samples from different origins were determined by UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS. Through the analysis of the multistage tandem mass spectrometry, the characteristic peaks were extracted with mass spectrometry data peak matching, peak alignment, and noise filtering. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used for data processing. The components were identified according to a mass spectrometry accurate mass and two mass spectrometry fragmentation information, combined with the software of database search and literature. Results: The chemical compositions in Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus samples are clearly distinguished. Forty-four compositions have the differences between Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus. Forty-one chemical compositions are identified. Among of them, there are 12 kinds of differential compositions which presented different changing laws. Conclusion: From the different compositions of Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus, the material basis can be provided for revealing the property and efficacy in Xanthii Herba and Xanthii Fructus.

Objective: To analyze the dynamic changes of phenolic acids and anthraquinones from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum (Xanthii Herba) in different collection periods. Methods: To establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, 3,4- dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, aloeemodin, emodin, and chrysophanol in the aerial parts of X. sibiricum. Results: The contents of phenolic acids and anthraquinones in different harvest time showed dynamic changes. In mid July, the content of total phenolic acids was higher. The higher content of total anthraquinones was in late July. The contents of five total phenolic acids were higher in mid July, such as chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, ferulic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The content of chlorogenic acid was higher in late June, and the rest of five phenolic acids were higher in mid July. Conclusion: This can provide the basis for determining the suitable harvest time of X. sibiricum.

Objective To investigate the influence of influenza virus A（H1N1,A/PR/8/34 strain）on alveolar fluid clearance（AFC）in vivo and the effects of β1-adrenergic agonist on AFC in rat lungs infected by H1N1.Methods Fortyfive rats were divided into control group（n =12）,H1N1 infection group（the rats were infected with influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34,n =18）,β1-adrenergic agonist groups（the rats were administrated with β1-adrenergic agonist after HIN1 infection,n =15）.AFC was estimated by the progressive increase in the albumin concentration over 30 minutes.The activity of cAMP and cGMP in the lung tissues of control,H1N1 infection and β1-adrenergic agonist groups was measured.Results The infection with H1N1 resulted in a decline in AFC 9.15±1.01% vs control group 17.25±1.01% and increased lung water content（W/D was 6.77±0.13 vs control group 4.99±0.02）.H1N1-mediated inhibition of AFC could be reversed to 14.41±1.41% by the administration of β1-adrenergic agonist denopamine.H1N1 infection increased cGMP levels 7.34±0.40 pmol·mg-1· mg-1 vs control group 5.10±1.88 pmol·mg-1·mg-1 and decreased cAMP levels 1.43±0.06 nmol·mg-1·mg-1 in lung tissues compared with control group.β1-agonist denopamine reversed the level of cAMP to 2.06±0.16 nmol·mg-1·mg-1 and cGMP to 6.16±1.36 pmol·mg-1·mg-1.Conclusion H1N1 infection decreased AFC and increased lung edema.β1-agonist denopamine could reverse AFC and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in H1N1 infected lung tissues.β1-agonist might regulate AFC through the pathway of cAMP-PKA.

Objective To investigate the functions of Monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) in human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.Methods MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with GFP-tagged MCPIP1 by Tet-on inducing expression system.Endogenous MCPIP1 was knocked down by stable expressing shRNA.MTT assay was performed to measure the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells after overexpression or knockdown of MCPIP1.FACS method was used to analyze cell cycle in MDA-MB-231 cells.Real-time PCR was used to test the expression of cell cycle-related mRNAs expression and their half-lives.RNA-IP experiment was conducted to detect the mRNA directly enriched by MCPIP1.Luciferase assay was performed to determine whether the mRNA decay was mediated through 3′UTR.Results MCPIP1 overexpression significantly inhibited cell proliferation(P<0.05), while knockdown MCPIP1 promoted cell proliferation with statistical significances (P<0.05).MCPIP1 induced cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 with statistical significance (P<0.01).MCPIP1 overexpression reduced the half-lives of cell cycle mRNAs (CDK2,CDK6,cyclin D1,cyclin E1,respectively) with significance (P<0.01).In addition, cell cycle-related mRNAs were able to be pulled down by GFP-MCPIP1 but not isotype IgG(P<0.05).Compared with control vector, MCPIP1 significant suppressed luciferase activities of all four 3′UTR reporters (P<0.05).Conclusions MCPIP1 functions as a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 through inducing G1 cell cycle arrest.