With the rapid technical development of interventional radiology, the percutaneous endovaseular stent implantation has been increasingly and widely used in treating the obstruction of brachiocephalic vein-superior vena cava. Stent implantation can relieve the obstruction immediately and the technique is safe and effective. This paper aims to summarize the current situation and the clinical practice of this therapy, to evaluate its effectiveness and to make a prospect of the developing trends and the problems need to be solved urgently.

Objective To assess the clinical efficacy of interventional management for the treatment of renal artery stenosis. Methods Percutaneous transluminal balloon renal angioplasty and / or percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting were performed in 47 patients with renal artery stenosis (55 stenosed arteries in total). A follow-up study on the blood pressure and renal function was conducted and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Fifty-four stenosed renal arteries were successfully reopened,of which only percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty was adopted in 17 and percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting in 37. One patient died during the procedure. A follow-up for a mean period of (2.5 ? 0.6) years was carried out. The blood pressure determined at one (n = 46),6 (n = 46),12 (n = 33) and 24 (n = 29) months after the treatment was significantly decreased when compared to that determined before the treatment (P

With the advent of inferior vena cava filters as the main means to obviate pulmonary embolism (PE), there has been a rise in the number of filters inserted globally. This article reviewed several currently available filter models, outlined the clinical indications and complications for filter insertion and presented the clinic application of filters.

Objective To investigate correlation of pulmonary heart disease (PHD)with the diaphragmatic muscle fatigue(DMF). Methods Impedance Pneumoplethysmogram(IPG) and Impedance respirogram(IRG) were detected in 64 cases of patients with PHD,and investigate DMF rheogram positive rate,also analysed various parameters of IPG in positive and negative groups. Results (1)The positive rate of DMF.Rheogram in PHD with and without respiratory failure are 75％ and 21.9％ respectively.(2)The positve rate in PHD with and without heart failue are 80％ and 46.3％ respectively.(3)The mean values of various parameters of IPG in positive and negative DMF rheogram have no significant difference.Conclusion Respiratory failure and heart falure in PHD are closely correlated with DMF. However,the occurance of DMF are not parallel with the severity degree of PHD.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of interventional biopsy, the component of stenotic tissues of shunt tract and mechanism of shunt stenosis. Materials and Methods: The pathologic specimens of stenotis shunt tract were obtained in 10 patients with catherization endovascular biopsy clamp and atherectomy methods, then they were undergone routinely with HE stain and immunocytochemical stain, and observed procedures under microscope. Rusults: all of interventional biopsy were succeeded without complication. The microscopies, findcarge of stenotic tissue were primarily composed of fibrotic granulations and thrombi with inflammatory cells and exuberant foam cells derived from endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and rhagiocrine cells. Conclusion: 1)The interventional biopsy is a safe and effective method. 2)The stenosis in parenchymal tract is related to thrombosis and tissue orangnization.

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of metallic stent in the treatment of malignant stricture in esophagus and cardia.Materials and Methods:Treated by metallic stent:14patients with malignant stricture in esophagus and cardia,13 males and 1 female aged ranged from 57 to 81,were discussed in this article.Among 12 patients,8 were proved as esophageal squamous carcinoma,4 as esophagus adenocarcinoma,and 1 was complicated with esophagotrachial fistula,l0 of the pa- tients could take fluid food and 4 only water.After catheterizing from mouth,the strictured portions dilated with hallon catheter,15 selfmade Z stents coveted with dacron and 1 strecker stent were in 13 and 1 patients respectively.Results:All stems were successfully placed.Patients could eat more easily after the operations.The esophogotrachial fistula was completely sealed.The average lifetime after the operation was 5.5 months.Conclusions:Metallic stent prosthesis is an effective method to treat malignant stricture in esophagus and cardia,and could elevate the life quality of patients sig- nifieantly.

Purpose:To summarize the experences of treating malignant obstructive jaun- dice by percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the bile duct,as well as discussing its clinical effect and practical value.Materials and Methods:Among the 39 patients who were all unsuitable for sur- gical operations,5 were benign,34 were malignant.All patients underwent percutaneous transhep- atic puncture of bile duct.38 cases who were successfully aspirated continued to undergone canal- ization of the obstructive parts 28 be finally successful.Among these patients,metallic stents were placed in 17 cases,balloon dilation in 2 cases,canalization with multi-side-hole catheter in 9 patients.Only external biliary drainage were performed in 10 patients.Results:All of there canal- ization method effected well in verious degrees,but the best result was obtained in the metallic stents group.Conclusion:(1)There is less injury and complication in percutaneous transhepatic drainage,either external or antegrade biliary drainage,and it ts also easy to operate,Interventional treatment is the first choice for patients who suffered from benign or malignant obstructive jaundice unahe undergone surgical operation(2)All the methods amend with each other,but the placement of metallic stent is the best one.

Purpose:To study the angiographic characteristics and mechanism of shunt stenosis-occlusiion after TIPSS.Materials and methods:Eighty-nine portal venograms were obtained in 58 patients.Venograms analysis had been performed according to shape,position and degree of shunt stenosis.Results:Thirty-six shunt abnormaloties were found in the portal venograms of 58 patients,Shunt stenosis(diameter

Objective To discuss the feasibility of TIPS in the treatment of complicated Budd Chiari syndrome(BCS) and to evaluate its clinical effect. Methods Five patients (male/female=4/1) aged from 30 to 35(mean 33 years). Four of 5 patients with varied degree of esophago gastric varies had the history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and two had obvious ascites. We punctured the stenotic or occluded hepatic vein into the branch of portal vein in liver parenchyma. Balloon catheter expanding and installing were followed by the gastric coronary vein embolization. Results Successful operation were obtained in all 5 patients. The mean portal vein pressure dropped from(4.7?1.3)kPa before operation to(3.5?1.5)kPa after TIPS. One patient died in 24 hours after an emergency TIPS. One patient died of liver function failure three weeks later. In the mean 64 months′ follow up, 2 of the remaining 3 patients received angiography examination and were demonstrated stenosis at the end of hepatic vein. Both patients were treated with re intervention successfully. Conclusion TIPS was a safe, effective, and feasible method in the treatment of patients with complicated BCS with portal hypertension.

Objective To evaluate the technique and result of endovascular treatment for right subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion.Methods Seventeen patients [13 males,4 females ; (56 ± 11)years old] with right subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion were treated with endovascular surgery which included recanalization,balloon angioplasty and stenting via femoral or brachial artery route.Cerebral protection devices were used in 6 cases to avoid cerebral embolism.Results Sixteen of the seventeen patients acquired successful recanalization in 8 cases with subclavian artery stenosis (100％ technical success rate) and in other 8 cases with subclavian artery occlusion (88.9％ technical success rate).Five cases were treated with balloon angioplasty,and 11 cases were treated with balloon angioplasty combined with stenting.Good patency was seen in the 16 cases immediately after the procedure.The cerebral protection devices prevented all the cases from cerebral embolism and were retrieved suceessfully.Sixteen cases were followed up from 1 to 66 months [mean (24 ± 18) months].Restenosis was found in one case 10 months later and was successfully treated with re-PTA.One case with aortoarteritis died of cerebral infarction 18 months later.No symptom recurrence was found in other cases and ultrasound or CTA of followup showed excellent patency.Conclusions Balloon angioplasty and stenting are safe and effective for the treatment of right subclavian artery occlusion.