Objective: To study the input and output efficiency of the general hospitals based on the sampling data, in order to infer the operational efficiency of the general hospital in Hubei Province. Methods: Cobb-Douglas production function is extended and the input-output efficiency of 50 hospitals is analyzed by Data Exchange Agreement ( DEA). Results: Based on C-D production function expansion, through the sampling survey of input and output data, screening the input and output indicators of general hospitals, use DEA to conclude the put-output efficiency of 50 general hospitals in Hubei. Conclusion: The bed utilization rate of 50 general hospitals is low, the general hospital beds should be appropriately reduced, and corresponding policy recommendations are proposed.

Emodin is an important component of traditio na l Chinese herb, Rhubarb(Da Huang),and has various efficacies, including suppress ing bacterial, anti-inflammation,protecting function of the liver and the kidney ,inhibiting platelet aggregation,improving microcirculation,anti-cancer, and sho ws good values in clinical application. This article reviews developments in its pharmacological action and mechanism and provides theoretical evidences for exp loiting of Emodin.

BACKGROUND: Schwann cell can excrete many neurotrophic factors,protect neuron, and be nutritious to neuron. It also can promote the recover of injury of nerve.OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of Schwann cell derived neurotrophic factor(SDNF) in developing lumber spinal cord of normal adult and different embryo rats as well as immature rats, and the effect on spinal cord in various developing period.DESIGN: Randomized and Controlled animal study.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in the Animal Laboratory of Nanhua University in September 2003. Totally 30 Wister rats, in each gender,weighing 150-300 g, were selected from Animal Laboratory of Nanhua University.INTERVENTIONS: ① Selection and section: The normal lumbar spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of normal adults rats with body mass in 180-220 g and 4-6 mature stages were fixed. Frozen sections were selected from 8 pregnant female rats including various embryol rats and immature rats. ② Immunohistochemical staining: Regarding protein antibody of SDNF as the first antibody,avidin-biotin peroxidase method was used to stain, the ash value was observed and the demi-quantitative value was worked out by scanning staining depth in order to analyze the expression of SDNF in lumbar spinal cord.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Immunohistochemical staining of normal lumbar spinal cord; ② Immunohistochemical staining of developing lumbar spinal cord.RESULTS: Eight female rats were pregnant, and all samples were selected from the fetal rats and the immature rats. ① There appeared well-distributed SDNF, staining the whole white matter and Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ stratum of the poster horn of gray matter of adult rats, and the dorsal root ganglia is much more intensively stained than lumber spinal cord. ② There was a inclination of early increase and late declination of SDNF immunoreactivity and the staining reaches a maximum at 21-day embryo, and then decreased at 7-day embryo and 12-day embryo after birth.CONCLUSION: There is lower expression of SDNF in lumber spinal cord of adult rats. But the expression of SDNF decreases gradually in the developing lumber spinal cord of rats. This means that SDNF may promote the development of spinal cord of embryo rats.

OBJECTIVE:To uncover the potentiality of brand management in pharmaceutical industry and to explore its importance in pharmaceutical industry.METHODS:The developmental opportunity of brand management was analyzed be?ginning from the current circumstances of pharmaceutical industry.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical in?dustries are confronted with unprecedented development for brand management.With the ending of the products era,brand management has become an important resource for the pharmaceutical industry to obtain competitive advantages.

Twenty-two neurosurgical patients were randomly divided into two groups:Group 1 iv drip midazolam and isoflurane inhalation;Group 2 isoflurane inhalation only. The hemodynamic indices and concentration of isoflurane were studied. The results showed that the blood pressure of all the patients were significantly decreased(PMO.01). The concentration of isoflurane in group 1 were .signicantly lowered by 27% than in group 2(P

Objective To elucidate the effects of thalidomide on the expressions of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) in parental and cisplatin resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A 549 and A 549 DDP Methods RT PCR and lmmunohistochemistry were used to detect the bFGF mRNA and protein expression in A 549 and A 549 DDP Results bFGF mRNA expression levels and protein expressions in A 549 and A 549 DDP were all significant reduced after treatment of thalidomide (6 ?g/ml)(all P

Objective To investigate the expression difference of multidrug resistance and apoptosis related genes and its contribution to mechanisms of multidrug resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma parental cell line A 549 and cisplatin resistant cell line A 549 DDP Methods RT PCR and Immunohistochemical staining were performed to detect the mRNA expressions and protein production of multidrug resistance related protein (MRP),lung resistance protein (LRP),bcl 2,and C erbB 2 in A 549 and A 549 DDP .Results MRP,bcl 2,and C erbB 2 mRNA were expressed in A 549 ,but no LRP mRNA was detected in A 549 MRP,C erbB 2,and LRP mRNA expression levels in A 549 DDP were significant higher than those in A 549 ,otherwise,LRP mRNA was detected in A 549 DDP There was no difference of bcl 2 mRNA expressions between A 549 and A 549 DDP ( P =0 731) Bcl 2 protein expressions were strongly positive both in A 549 and in A 549 DDP MRP protein expressions in A 549 were faint positive,while C erbB 2 and LRP were negative MRP protein expressions in A 549 DDP was median positive C erbB 2 and LRP protein expressions in A 549 DDP were strongly positive Conclusions The heterogenous expression of MRP,C erbB 2,and LRP in A 549 and A 549 DDP may be associated with primary and secondary drug resistance in lung cancer

The article describes the essence,element,and contents in the new stage of the informed consent,makes discussions on how to effectively implement the principles of informed content in public health practices,and compares the similarities and differences of informed consent in public health ethics,clinical ethics,and biomedical ethics.

Calculus Bovis (CB) is one of the precious traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and has been widely used in oriental countries over 2000 years.It possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties such as relieving fever,analgesic,diminishing inflammation,sedation,reducing blood pressure,recovering gallbladder functions,antioxygenation,and anti-tumor and improving immunity,et al.Due to the scarce resource and high price of natural CB,its substitutes,artificially synthesized CB and C.Bovis Sativus (CBS),also called in vitro cultured C.Bovis,have already been developed and widely used in medicine preparation.By using the literature material method,the current article explored literatures regard to pharmacological activities and clinical application of CB and its substitute,and the compound preparations were also included,from 1949 to 2016 in journals of domestic and foreign.All documents are summarized to provide a valuable reference for further basic or clinical research about CB and its substitute.