Objective To observe the imaging features of branching vascular network (BVN) in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).Methods Eighty PCV patients (90 eyes) were enrolled in this study.The patients included 58 males and 22 females.The age was ranged from 49 to 85 years,with a mean age of 61.4 years.All the patients were examined for fundus photography,fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA),indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT).The fibrovascular retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) was defined as a well-demarcated subretinal heterogeneous plaque with increasing fluorescence on FFA.The late lichenoid hyperfluorescent plaque was defined as a well-demarcated lichenoid hyperfluorescent plaque on late phase ICGA.The double-layer sign on OCT was defined as a wide range of shallow PED from Bruch membrane.Results BVN were found on early ICGA in 76 eyes among the 90 eyes (84.4％).Among these 76 eyes,18 eyes (23.7％) demonstrated the subretinal reddish-orange branches corresponding to BVN.Fifty-six eyes (73.7％) demonstrated all or part of the BVN on early FFA.Three eyes (3.9％) demonstrated branching transmitted fluorescence corresponding to BVN throughout the FFA.Seventy-three eyes (96.1％) were manifested by occult choroidal vascularization on FFA,and 21 eyes (27.6％) of them were fibrovascular PED.Among the 76 eyes with BVN,all BVN appeared earlier than polypoidal lesions on ICGA.Polypoidal lesions located on the terminal of BVN in 62 eyes (81.6％).Sixty-nine eyes (90.8％) on ICGA demonstrated the late lichenoid hyperfluorescent plaque,whose area was equal to or greater than the area of BVN shown on early ICGA.Seventy-two eyes (94.7％) had the double layer sign.Among these 72 eyes,15 eyes (20.8％) had lumen like structure within the double-layer sign.Sixty-five eyes (90.3％) had punctate and linear hyperreflectance within the double-layer sign.Two eyes (2.8％) demonstrated a hyporeflective short segment and a gap of Bruch membrane on OCT corresponding to the origin of the BVN.Sixty-three eyes (87.5％) had an area of double-layer sign that matched the area of late lichenoid hyperfluorescent plaque on ICGA.Conclusions BVN in PCV can be noted as reddish-orange branches on fundus examination.Most of the BVN are shown as early branching transmitted fluorescence but collectively an occult choroidal vascularization on FFA,as lichenoid hyperfluorescent plaque on late ICGA,and as double-layer sign on OCT whose area matches late lichenoid hyperfluorescent plaque.

Retinal hemorrhage can be divided into intravitreal, subhyaloid, subinner limiting membrane, superficial retinal, deep retinal, subretinal and subpigment epithelial hemorrhage. Each of these hemorrhages has a characteristic and recognizable appearance. Comprehending the classification and characteristic of retinal hemorrhage has important value in diagnosis, differential diagnosis and guideline for treatment.(Ophthalmol CHN, 2009, 18: 221-224)

Ocular fundus imaging technology has developed rapidly in the past decade. The exsiting imaging technology is constantly updated and new imaging technology emerges one after another. The related research and development investment, equipment usage and paper publication are all growing rapidly. At the same time, it is developing towards the direction of multi-technology combination, integration of artificial intelligence and big data, as well as small-size and automation use of equipment. However, there are many challenges behind the prosperity of ocular fundus imaging, such as professionally remodeling of fundus diseases knowledge system standardization, balance and independence of scholarly communication, misunderstanding of "multimodal images", validation of the effectiveness and applicability of emerging technologies, clinical imaging research innovation, original technology innovation and technology reserve, fundus imaging data integration and analysis system for the future.

Objective To observe the clinical features of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN).Methods Six patients (11 eyes) with AMN were included in this study,with every 2-week follow-ups till six months.Among them,five had preceding dengue fever (83.3％),one had history of head trauma (16.7％).All patients received routine examination,fundus photography,infrared reflectance (IR) imaging,spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scanning and fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) initially,and fundus photography,IR,SD-OCT during follow-up.Results Sudden onset of central/paracentral scotoma in one eye or both eyes was the main visual symptom.There were 1 eye with normal fundus,2 eyes with wedge-shape lesions,8 eyes with yellow-white or brown sheet lesion.IR imaging demonstrated localized areas of hypo-reflection in the macula.SD-OCT scanning through these areas revealed hyper-reflection in the photoreceptor layer and disruption of its normal reflective structures.Subsequent SD-OCT demonstrated that the hyper-reflection of the photoreceptor layer regressed gradually,followed by thinning of the outer nuclear layer.The external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone became continuous;however,the interdigitation zone was not restored.There was no remarkable findings of the AMN lesions on FFA.The scotomas persisted in all 6 patients (11 eyes) by the last visit.Conclusions IR imaging demonstrated localized areas of hypo-reflection in the macula.SD-OCT revealed hyper-reflection in the photoreceptor layer in acute stage and the interdigitation zone was not restored in late stage.AMN has a relative poor prognosis with persistent scotomas through at least 6 months.