Spermatogenesis is a complex process. Current knowledge about human spermatogenesis is mainly based on the mouse model while little is known about the initial stage of this fundamental process in humans. The establishment of the model of spermatogenesis in vitro may contribute to an overall understanding of male germ cell development, an insight into the mechanisms of infertility, and clinical management of male infertility. This review summarizes current knowledge about the generation of germ cell-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro and discusses the potential application of iPSCs in the treatment of male infertility.
Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Infertility, Male ; therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Spermatogenesis

Objective To review 2006-2007 AIDS response in China by applying the indicators of "Monitoring & Evaluation Plan of AIDS Response". Method Data from the national AIDS routine reporting system and special survey in line with the definitions of the indicators and standardized methods were summarized,classified and analyzed; mid-term targets or indicator value of 2005 were employed as comparison. Results The 2007 result of the national HIV sentinel surveillance showed that the HIV prevalence among female sex workers,injecting drug users,men who have sex with men and pregnant women was 0.0%,1.9%,3.1% and 0.0% respectively;the data from the national HIV comprehensive response information system showed that by the end of 2007,72.8% of the adults and children with advanced HIV infection had received antiretroviral therapy (ART) ,and 83.6% of the ART receivers survived after 12 month treatment. Conclusion Indicators of the "Monitoring & Evaluation Plan" are able to reflect the outcomes and achievements of 2006-2007 HIV/AIDS response in China,which has made good progress and has fulfilled the mid-term targets as defined by the Plan.

The Wnt pathway plays a crucial role in skeletal development and is indispensable for determination of OS cell lines. In recent years, experimental evidences on Wnt signaling pathway in OS cell lines and OS animal models, and that of Wnt signaling pathway as a diagnosis and prognosis marker of OS suggested that Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression, invasion and metastasis of OS. In addition, the strategy and safety evaluation to target Wnt to treat OS are underway. Exploring the significant role of Wnt signaling pathway in OS may aid in personalizing therapeutics to increase patient survival.

Objective To investigate the methods and therapeutic effects of anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps for reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the ankle.Methods A retrospective case series study was made on 30 patients treated with anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps for traumatic soft tissue defects around the tibia between January 2010 and June 2016.There were 22 males and eight females,with the age range of 16-58 years [(41.5 ± 1.2) years].Dimension of the soft tissue defect ranged from 9 cm ×4 cm to 23 cm × 12 cm.Flap stabilization time,flap survival rate,postoperative complications,second plastic surgery rate,and ankle joint function by Baird-Jackson score were recorded.Results All patients were followed up for (13.0 ± 5.4) months (range,6-24 months).Time for flap stabilization was (6.5 ± 1.1) days.All flaps survived except in one patients with flap loss due to postoperative arterial thrombosis.Postoperatively,one patient had arterial crisis,one had venous thrombosis,and one presented sinus formation due to infection.No second plastic surgery was carried out.According to the Baird-Jackson score,the results were excellent in 25 patients and good in five.Conclusion Anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps for reconstruction of traumatic soft tissue defects around the tibia has advantages of easy harvesting and survival,less postoperative complications,less second surgery,and good function recovery.

Objective To review the clinical data of reduction mammoplasty by central pedicle technique,and to summarize all kinds of the complications to modify the technique for improvement of long term aesthetic effects.Methods The postoperative complications were analyzd and then an approach was used to investigate the pattern of the blood supply and the nerve distribution of breast.Based on the anatomical study,a modified double-circle reduction mammoplasty technique was designed to treat patients with hypertrophical breasts. Results With a follow-up for 3 months to 3 years,the patients who underwent this modified central pedicle technique,had an invisible scar,good projection,the better shape of breast and preserved their sensation of nipple-areola complex.Conclusions Modified central pedicle technique is a safe and reliable technique,especially ideal for Chinese women.The blood supply is rich and the sensation of nipple-areola complex is preserved.The fixation of the gland tissue is more important than the dermal-bra.

Objective To evaluate the impact of pancreatic duct hanging and continuous suturing maneuver in end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy on the incidence of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD),and to study the feasibility,safety and efficacy.Method 165 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were randomly selected and the incidences of pancreatic fistula for the different types of pancreaticojejunostomy were analyzed.Results The overall rate of pancreatic fistula was 13.9％ (23/165).The incidences of pancreatic fistula after pancreatic duct hanging and continuous suturing maneuver in end-to-side anastomosis (3.1％,2/65,group C) was significantly lower than the traditional intussusception anastomosis (23.1％,12/52,group A,P＜0.05) and the mucosa mucosa anastomosis (18.8％,9/48,group B).There was no significant difference between the traditional intussusception anastomosis and the mucosa mucosa anastomosis (P＞0.05).In group C,the average operative time,intraoperative blood loss,and postoperative drainage was obviously superior to the A and B group (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the A and B group (P＞0.05).The other complications showed no significant differences among the three groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Pancreatic-duct hanging and continuous suturing maneuver in end-to-side anastomosis significantly reduced the rate of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduedenectomy.It was feasible,safe,convenient to use and should be popularized.

Objective To investigate laparoscopic-guided selective portal vein ligation in the two-stage hepatectomy for patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Twenty-three patients with HCC who were not suitable for one-stage hepatectomy were admitted to the Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from March 2009 to February 2012.Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Laparoscopic-guided selective portal vein ligation was firstly performed,dynamic changes of hepatic volume and predicted volume of liver to be resected were detected by computed tomography.Two-stage open hepatectomy was performed after assessment of resectability of HCC.All data were analyzed using the analysis of variance or q test.Results Laparoscopic-guided selective portal vein ligation was successfully performed on 22 patients (2 patients received concomitant cholecystectomy because the right branch of portal vein was difficult to expose),1 patient was converted to open surgery because of hemorrhage during portal vein separation.Three patients with multiple lesions received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization at 1 week after selective portal vein ligation.Dull pain in the hepatic region,low fever,nausea and vomiting were observed in the 23 patients,while no severe complications including peritoneal hemorrhage,bile leakage,hepatapostema was observed.The levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin were back to normal at 1 week after the surgery.The right liver volume at postoperative week 3 was (590 ± 154)cm3,which was significantly smaller than (698 ± 135)cm3 before surgery.Compared with right liver volume at postoperative week 1,2,3,the right liver volume before operation was significantly smaller (F=15.62,P ＜0.05).The left hepatic volume at postoperative week 3 was (408 ± 149)cm3,which was significantly bigger than (331 ± 68)cm3 before operation.The left liver volume before operation was significantly different from those at postoperative week 1,2,3 (F =17.48,P ＜ 0.05).The predicted ratio of liver to be resected was 60％ ± 18％ at postoperative week 3,which was significantly smaller than 67％ ± 15％ before operation (F =12.35,P ＜ 0.05).Two patients with insufficient hyperplasia of offside liver,2 patients with intrahepatic metastasis at postoperative week 3,2 patients were lost to follow up and 3 patients gave up hepatectomy,14 patients received hepatectomy at 2-4 weeks after laparoscopic-guided selective portal vein ligation.The resection rate was 60.9％ (14/23).There were 2 patients received extended right hepatectomy,8 received right hepatectomy,4 received non-anatomical hepatectomy.All the 14 patients recovered well,and no hepatic failure,severe peritoneal effusion and infection was observed.Conclusion Laparoscopic-guided selective portal vein ligation is easy to perform,and it extends the indication of hepatectomy,increases the safety of two-stage hepatectomy.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of three neurological assessments in experimental autoim?mune encephalomyelitis. Methods Thirty-two female C57BL/6 mice (18-20g) were randomly divided into normal group (n=15) and immune group (n=17). Immune group were induced subcutaneously in the flank by emulsion consisted of MOG33-35 and complete Freund’s adjuvant. Mice were assessed by two investigators for 35 days after immunization in a blinded manner using Kono’s 5-point criterion, Weaver’s 15-point criterion and improved 15-point criterion. Based on H&E staining, we analyzed the accuracy, sensibility and dependency of three assessments. Results 35-day clini?cal-score plots revealed that the fluctuation of symptoms was more obvious in improved 15-point criterion compared with the other two criteria. 15-point criterion and improved 15-point criterion are more accurate than 5-point criterion in atypical-onset EAE. 15-point criterion and improved 15-point criterion could detect the neurological deficits much earli?er than 5-point criterion (P<0.001). Neurological scores assessed by improved 15-point were well correlated with the pathological findings during the peak and remission stage. Conclusion Improved 15-point criterion is better neurological score system than Kono’s 5-point criterion and Weaver’s 15-point criterion because of its accurate assessment of the neurological deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Humans ; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms ; Hypopharynx ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue

Objective The effect of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on smoking reduction,cessation and human health remains controversial,meanwhile,studies tocused on e-cigarettes are limited.We conducted this meta-analysis in purpose of helping figuring out the controversy.Methods PubMed, Medline,Embase,Cochrane library,CNKl and Wanfang Databases were searched for articles published up to May 2014.All studies discussing the relationship between e-cigarettes and smoking reduction,smoking cessation or human health were included.The fixed or random-eftect model was used to pool the relative risk(RR).Outcome 4 articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria,there were totally 7 002 subjects.Meta-analysis indicated that there was significant difference in e-cigarettes and smoking reduction,RR=1.88,95％ CI:1.07-3.32,P=0.09.The Meta-analysis showed that e-cigarettes were available in smoking cessation.RR=1.55,95％ CI:1.24-1.95,P=0.001.Conclusion Tiffs meta-analysis indicated that e-cigarettes were helpful in smoking cessation.Nonetheless,the articles included were too few to credibly support the outcome.Hence,more high-quality,randomized blind and large sample experiments are needed to verify the results.