The history of bioethics is more than twenty years in China.Although the development of bioethics has acquired some achievements in China,there are many problems in it,which directly influences its good development.It is a pressing issue to solve that we analyze the existing problems and pose the strategies in the development of bioethics in China.

The author analyzes the present situation of transformed-gene food from the two different points.One point thinks:transformed-gene food is more important than the structure to these developing countries.There are three reasons:Developing countries are badly in need of resolving poverty and hungry;introducing transformed-gene food is a moral command for developing countries.Using transformed-gene food is easier than the structure to resolve the poverty and hungry.The other point points that the sturucture is more important.These are reasons:reforming irrational and unfair system is more urgent than developing tranformed-gene food to these developing countries;gene patent may make the developing countries in a adverse situation;if they don't dissolve the structure problem,transformed-gene food will not make any progress.The author thinks:dissolving the sturture problem,rebuilding rational and fair system are more important than only introducing transformed-gene food.

E-health is a new kind of health care model, which raises medical efficiency, brings happiness and hope to the therapy of severe disease, and stands for the future of health care. However, it is faced with many issues and challenges, such as the safety of information storing, privacy protection and the distribution of health resources.Therefore, research & development in e-health should observe some criterion. The author holds that the development of e-health should observe ethical principles such as inform-concent, safety, justice, risk-benefit and developing step by step, and puts forward regulating recommendations in many aspects.

AIM: To study the role of liver in immune regulation in experimental endotoxemia. METHODS: 17 castrated male goats were subjected to simultaneously installing catheters in jugular, hepatic and portal veins by surgery. Four days later, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused in term of three groups as followings: In group ①, LPS of 20 EU (endotoxin unit, EU)?kg -1 was infused into portal vein; In group ②, LPS of 20 EU?kg -1 was infused into jugular vein and LPS of 1 500 EU?kg -1 infused into jugular vein in group ③. Before and after infusion, blood samples were collected from the three veins through the catheters for 8 h. The plasma levels of TNF-? were measured by RIA. RESULTS: In group ①, the plasma TNF-? levels of hepatic and portal vein rose to peak value at 5 h, but that of the jugular vein did not changed. In group ②, the plasma TNF-? levels in hepatic vein rose to peak value at 3 h. The TNF-? levels of jugular vein rose to peak value at 1 h and the one in portal vein enhanced continuously between 0-8 h. In group ③, the plasma TNF-? levels in jugular, hepatic and portal vein rose to significant peaks at 1 h simultaneously. CONCLUSION: During experimental endotoxemia,liver showed different dynamic characteristics in TNF-? secretion according to the pathway and doses of LPS delivery. [

AIM: To investigate the effect of ambroxol on pulmonary and vascular injury in chronically hypoxic rats. METHODS: 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control,chronically intermittent hypoxia(CIH) and ambroxol precaution group(AP).The CIH and AP groups were made into the chronically hypoxic models .The mean pulmonary artery pressure(PAPM) and the levels of plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasma nitric oxide (NO),lipid peroxide(LPO) were determined. The levels of the lung homogenates SOD, LPO, NO and the changes in pulmonary vascular structure were also examined. RESULTS: The levels of plasma and lung homogenates SOD,NO in CIH group were respectively significantly lower than that of normal control and AP group ( P

AIM: To reproduce hypercapnic models and approach some pathophysiological changes in rats. METHODS: The mixed gases of high concentrated carbon dioxide (8% CO 2, 21% O 2, 71% N 2) were given to wistar rats 7 hours a day for 28 days. The various indexes were compared between control group (group A) and hypercapnic group (group B). RESULTS: The PaCO 2 [(55.90?4.34) mmHg] and the lipid peroxides (LPO) contents in plasma, lung tissue and right ventricle were significantly higher in group B than those in group A ( P

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effects of beta-carotene in rats against the development of chronic bronchitis induced by cigarette smoking.

METHODSForty-two Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three study groups: (1) control (n = 15), animals underwent no treatment; (2) cigarette smoking (n = 15), animals developed chronic bronchitis through long-term cigarette smoking twice a day for 75 d; (3) beta-carotene plus cigarette smoking animals (n = 12) were given 1 ml or 15 mg/kg beta-carotene orally every day just before cigarette smoking. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipoperoxide (LPO) in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were measured and the pathological changes to lung tissue were analyzed using light microscopy.

RESULTSLong-term cigarette smoking caused an obvious increase in the amount of IL-6, IL-8 and LPO and a sharp decrease in the levels of NO and SOD in smoking animals compared to controls. beta-carotene intake reversed all the changes induced by smoking and alleviated the pathological changes caused by chronic bronchitis.

CONCLUSIONSQuantitative oral intake of beta-carotene had protective effects against chronic bronchitis induced by long-term cigarette smoking, which was associated with the increased production of NO, the clearance of some oxidative free radicals (OFR) and the alleviation of chronic inflammation.

Animals ; Bronchitis ; blood ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; beta Carotene ; pharmacology

During coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, the treatment of severe trauma has been impacted. The Consensus on emergency surgery and infection prevention and control for severe trauma patients with 2019 novel corona virus pneumonia was published online on February 12, 2020, providing a strong guidance for the emergency treatment of severe trauma and the self-protection of medical staffs in the early stage of the epidemic. With the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council renaming "novel coronavirus pneumonia" to "novel coronavirus infection" and the infection being managed with measures against class B infectious diseases since January 8, 2023, the consensus published in 2020 is no longer applicable to the emergency treatment of severe trauma in the new stage of epidemic prevention and control. In this context, led by the Chinese Traumatology Association, Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association, Trauma Medicine Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Traumatology, the Chinese expert consensus on emergency surgery for severe trauma and infection prevention during coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic ( version 2023) is formulated to ensure the effectiveness and safety in the treatment of severe trauma in the new stage. Based on the policy of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council and by using evidence-based medical evidence as well as Delphi expert consultation and voting, 16 recommendations are put forward from the four aspects of the related definitions, infection prevention, preoperative assessment and preparation, emergency operation and postoperative management, hoping to provide a reference for severe trauma care in the new stage of the epidemic prevention and control.