mGlu5 (Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5) does not only exist in nervous system , but also in many pe-ripheric organs and tissues .The vital role that mGlu5 plays in both nervous and non-nervous system diseases , which will be important for further studying the pathogenesis of diseases .Moreover, it can provide us with new ide-as and methods for precaution and cure of illness with mGluRs .

OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a physiologically based toxicokinetics and toxico?dynamics(PBTK/TD)model for chlorpyrifos(CPF)in rats following both oral and subcutaneous expo?sures to CPF. METHODS ①A PBTK/TD model was established with toxicokinetics and toxicodynam?ics data in literature,which was used for predicting contents of CPF and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP)in blood and activities of acetylcholine esterase(AChE)in the plasma and brain of rats exposed to CPF.②Rats were given 50 mg · kg-1 CPF oral and 50 mg · kg-1 CPF sc simultaneously. Blood and brain samples were collected at 0,1,2,4,6,8,12,24 and 48 h,respectively,after CPF administration (n=5). CPF And TCP contents in plasma,activities of AChE in the plasma and brain were deter?mined,and compared with the simulation values by PBTK/TD model in order to validate the accuracy of the model. RESULTS It was predicted by the PBTK/TD model that after the administration (oral+sc) of CPF 20+20,10+30 and (30+10)mg · kg-1,the concentrations of CPF and TCP in plasma increased and then decreased with time in each group. The inhibitory level of AChE activity in the plasma was orally dose-dependent,while AChE activity of the brain was more sensitive to CPF subcutaneous exposure. The simulation values obtained by the PBTK/TD model were not significantly different from the experimental values obtained by co-administered CPF at(50+50)mg · kg-1. CONCLUSION This CPF PBTK/TD model can quantitatively estimate target tissue dosimetry and AChE inhibition.

OBJECTIVE Calculate the dietary exposure and exposure risk of Chinese consumers to acephate,using the margin of exposure method.METHODS Determine the bench mark dose of acephate by 21 -day gavage experiment of rats.According to the data from the 2002 National Diet and Nutrition Survey,the 2000 -2006 national food conta mination monitoring program,the 2005 -2006 export monitoring data of customs,calculate the dietary exposure of Chinese consumers to acephate by probabilistic assessment.Estimate the exposure risk by co mparing the margin of exposure with 100. RESULTS The bench mark dose of acephate was 0.75 mg·kg -1 ,the BMDL was 0.51 mg·kg -1 .The exposure of children was higher than that of adults.The proportion at risk of group 1 -6 y,7 -17 y and 18 y or higher was 5%,1 % and 0.1 %,respectively.CONCLUSION So me consumers was of dietary exposure risk to acephate.The high exposure of children should be of great concern.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of separating drug sales from medical services on hospital revenue and medical services in the county-level public hospitals of Guangxi. Methods:The controlled before and after study design was employed. 2009 to 2012 was the pre-intervention period;2013 was the intervention period. Pilot people’s hospitals were included in the intervention group;non-pilot people’s hospitals were included in the control group. Da-ta came from hospitals and new rural cooperative medical statistics from 2009 to 2013 and the Guangxi Statistical Yearbook from 2010 to 2014. The analysis method of difference-in-differences based regression was employed. Re-sults:Separating drug sales from medical services included cancelling medicine markups, increasing price of inspec-tion and nursing services, reducing price of large equipment inspection services and increasing financial assistance. In terms of hospital revenue, compared with non-pilot hospitals, for pilot hospitals, the reform reduced medicine rev-enues by 3. 326 million yuan and increased medical revenue by 10. 75 million yuan. There was no significant change in financial assistance. In terms of medical expenses, compared with non-pilot hospitals, the reform reduced per-visit outpatient drug expenses in pilot hospitals by 3. 51 yuan, increased per-visit outpatient inspection fees by 2. 23 yuan, reduced per-visit inpatient drug expenses by 133. 5 yuan, increased per-visit inpatient inspection fees by 62. 01 yuan, and increased per-visit inpatient nursing fees by 69. 72 yuan. There were no significant change in outpatient and inpa-tient visits, length of stay, outpatient expenses per-visit and inpatient expenses per-visit. Conclusion:County hospi-tals can offset losses due to cancelling medicine markups by medical service pricing adjustment in inpatient departments;in outpatient departments, they can offset losses due to cancelling medicine markups by both medical service pricing ad-justments and medical service utilization adjustments beyond policy adjustments. The reform did not reduce the operating revenue of pilot hospitals or the medical expenses per visit. The reform had little effect on hospital and doctor incentives.

Objective To classify the segmental bronchial patterns of the right upper lobe by combining bronchial tree and CT virtual bronchoscopy(CTVE)post-processing techniques from 64-slice spiral CT.Methods Two hundred and four patients with routine thorax scans were enrolled.The segmental bronchi were demonstrated in terms of bronchial tree and CTVE.First,we checked how many patients can be classified with any one of the above post-processing approaches.Then,integrating the two methods,we classified the fight upper segmental bronchial patterns of the 204 patients.At last,the patterns of the right upper bronchus were analyzed.Results bronchial tree post-processing images were stereoscopic and intuitive.It could be used to identify common stem of bifurcation easily,however,it was hard to be used to differentiate short common stem of bifurcation from trifurcation.CTVE demonstrated segmental bronchi from inside of lumen,and can readily show the short common stem of bifurcation and trifurcation of bronchi.Combining two post-processing techniques,the segmental bronchial ramification of the right upper lobe was mainly classified in three types:trifurcation in 76 patients(37.3%),common stem of apical and posterior segmental bronchi in 50 patients(24.5%)and others in 78 patients(38.2%).Conclusion The combination of multiple post-processing of 64-slice CT posses great superiority to classify the pattern of the right upper lobe bronchi.

Objective To classify the segmental bronchial patterns of the left upper lobe by combining three post-processing images from 64 slice spiral CT and to study how to identify different ramifications in transverse thin-section CT.Methods Totally 204 patients with routine thorax scans were enrolled.The segmental bronchi were demonstrated in terms of bronchial tree,virtual bronchoscopy and thin-section CT three post-processing images.Integrated with the three post-processing images,the segmental bronchial patterns of the left upper lobar bronchi were classified into several main types,and displayed in transverse thin-section CT.Results The segmental bronchial ramifications of the left upper lobe were classified into three types mainly:common stem of apical and posterior segmental bronchi(64%,130/200),trifurcation(23%,45/200),common stem of apical and anterior segmental bronchi(10%,21/200),and they could be identified in two typical slices of transverse thin-section CT.There were two dominating types in the left basilar segmental bronchi:bifurcation(75%,163/216),trifurcation(18%,39/216),and they could also be identified in two typical slices of transverse thin-section CT.Conclusion The segmental bronchi of the left lung can be definitely classified by three post-processing images from 64 slice spiral CT.

No abstract available.
Bone Marrow* ; Flow Cytometry* ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes*

Objective:To observe the protective effect of deproteinized extract of calf blood (DECB)on the ethanol-induced liver injury of the mice,and to preliminaryly discuss its mechanism. Methods:Sixty healthy ICR mice were divided into control group,model group,positive drug group,low,medium and high doses of DECB groups (n=10).By intragastric administration,the mice in control group were given 20 mL·kg-1 saline solution, the mice in low,medium and high doses of DECB groups were administrated with 0.125,0.250,0.500 g·kg -1 DECB,and the mice in positive drug group were administrated with 0.63 g·kg -1 Hugan Tablets;once a day for 30 d. 1 h after the last administration,except control group,the mice in other groups were administrated with one-time grant of 50% ethanol 14 mL·kg -1 ,and fasted for 16 h to establish the models of acute alcohol liver injury.The endurance alcohol time and drunk time of the mice were determined,the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT)and alanine transaminase (AST)activity in serum of the mice were detected,the levels of triglyceride (TG),glutathione (GSH)and malonic dialdehyde (MDA)in liver tissue were determined,and the pathological changes of liver tissue were detected.Results:Compared with model group,the drunk symptoms of the mice in different doses of DECB groups were obviously reduced,the endurance time of the mice in high dose of DECB group and positive drug group was prolonged (P <0.05),and the drinking time was shortened (P <0.05);the ALT and AST activities in serum in mediun and high doses of DECB groups were significantly lower than those in model group (P <0.05).Compared with model group,the MDA and TG levels in liver tissue of the mice in medium and high doses of DECB groups and positive drug group were obviously reduced,and the GSH levels were increased (P <0.05);compared with model group,the pathological damages of liver tissue of the mice in high dose of DECB group caused by ethanol were significantly reduced.Conclusion:DECB can improve ethanol-induced liver injury which may be related to the inhibition of hepatic oxidative stress response.

Objective To observe the effects of Huatan Quyu Decoction on cognitive function and the expressions of GABA and VILIP-1 in brain tissue of rats with cerebral small vessel disease;To discuss its mechanism for treatment on cerebral small vessel disease.Methods Totally 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,Huatan Quyu Decoction low-and high-dosage groups,with 12 rats in each group.Except for the blank group,a rat model of cerebral small vessel disease was prepared by in vitro injection of homologous microemboli.Huatan Quyu Decoction low-and high-dosage groups were given Huatan Quyu Decoction 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg by gavage,the blank group and model group were gavage with equal amounts of distilled water for 28 consecutive days.Morris water maze experiment was conducted on day 1,7,14,and 28 after administration to evaluate the learning and memory abilities of rats,HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in hippocampal tissue,and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of GABA and VILIP-1 proteins in brain tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the escape latency of Morris water maze experiment in model group significantly prolonged(P<0.05),and the number of crossing platforms was significantly reduced(P<0.05);the arrangement of hippocampal tissue cells was disordered,gaps widen,and nuclei atrophy and necrosis,the GABA expression in brain tissue significantly decreased(P<0.05),while the VILIP-1 expression significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the escape latency of Morris water maze experiment in the Huatan Quyu Decoction low-and high-dosage groups significantly shortened(P<0.05)on day 7,14,and 28 of administration,and the number of crossing platforms significantly increased(P<0.05),GABA expression significantly increased(P<0.05),while VILIP-1 expression significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the Huatan Quyu Decoction low-dosage group,the escape latency of Morris water maze experiment in Huatan Quyu Decoction high-dosage group decreased at various time points,and the number of crossing platforms increase,the pathological damage of hippocampal tissue was reduced,the expression of GABA in brain tissue increased,and the expression of VILIP-1 decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion Huatan Quyu Decoction can increase the expression of GABA in brain tissue and inhibit the expression of VILIP-1,thereby improve the cognitive function of rats with cerebrovascular disease.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics,imaging manifestations and prognoses of anti-GABAB receptor antibodies encephalitis.Methods The clinical manifestations,laboratory findings and radiological data of 13 patients with anti-GABAB receptor encephalitis,admitted to our hospital from September 2015 to March 2017,were retrospectively analyzed.Modified Rankin scale (mRs) was performed to evaluate the prognoses (good prognosis:mRs scores ＜ 2;poor prognosis mRs scores≥3).Results These 13 patients had an average age of 58 years (ranged 49-76 years) with a male to female ratio of 12:1.The major clinical features,including epileptic seizure,were found in 12 patients,psychiatric symptoms in 11 patients,cognitive disorder in 7 patients,and disturbance of consciousness in 4 patients.Brain MR imaging showed abnormal signal in 5 patients:4 were located in the hippocampus and amygdaloid,and one in the pons and left temporal lobe.Five patients showed abnormalities in PET-CT,including 4 with temporal hypermetabolism and 1 with cortical hypometabolism.Chest CT showed lung occupying lesions in 4 patients,of which 2 patients were diagnosed as having small cell lung cancer (SCLC) by pathological examination.Ten patients received immunomodulatory therapy,and three were with supportive care.After the average of 8 months of follow-up,7 patients had good prognosis,5 patients had poor prognosis and one patient lost of follow up.Conclusions Anti-GABAB receptor encephalitis frequently occurs in elderly male subjects and the main characteristic includes prominent refractory epilepsy and shows neurological improvement on immunotherapy.It can accompany by SCLC and have a relatively poor prognosis.