This paper reviewed the studies about the adult female's bone health management in recent 10 years, and summarized the im-plementation and the effects of the methods, such as health education, nutritional intervention, exercise intervention and comprehensive in-tervention.

Salteffectinhigh-voltageassistedlaserdesorptionionizationmassspectrometry(HALDI-MS)has been studied under both positive and negative ion modes using L-tyrosine, β-cyclodextrin, α-lipoic acid, as well as the complex formed between α-lipoic acid and β-cyclodextrin as the test analytes. Compared the mass spectra obtained with and without the addition of salt, it is found that HALDI-MS can tolerate a higher amount of salt than electro spray ionization mass spectrometry ( ESI-MS) . Also, the addition of salt can enhance the HALDI-MS signal intensity of the complex ion of α-lipoic acid and β-cyclodextrin, and we suggest that such signal-enhancement effect is due to the formation of the three component complex consisting of α-lipoic acid,β-cyclodextrin and the positive ion of the salt.

Objective To evaluate the effects of four types of variance reduction techniques ( ring counter grid, high electron cutoff energy, termination of electron tracking in some structures, and emission direction?biased sampling of source) on the efficiency and accuracy of Monte Carlo simulation for the single source channel of the Leksell Gamma Knife. Methods The single source channel of the Leksell Gamma Knife was modeled using Monte Carlo software MCNP . Four types of variance reduction techniques were used to simulate the dose distribution in the water?like phantom. The computation efficiency and simulation result were compared between the four techniques. Results All techniques substantially improved the computation efficiency and had little effect on the accuracy of the simulation ( relative error less than 2. 5%) . However, if the electron cutoff energy was above 50 keV, the simulation became quite inaccurate due to neglect of the scattering of high?energy electrons and their dosimetric contribution to the penumbra. When the scattering of high?energy electrons and their dosimetric contribution to the penumbra were ignored, the dose to the Profile platform was overestimated and the dose to the penumbra was underestimated. Conclusions Rational use of variance reduction techniques can substantially improve the efficiency of Monte Carlo simulation for the single source channel of the Leksell Gamma Knife. However, the impact of variance reduction techniques on the accuracy of the simulation should be carefully evaluated.

Objective To investigate the effects of levodopa/benserazide-loaded poly-lactide-coglycolide (PLGA) microspheres on motor deficits and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson' s disease (PD) and to explore the mechanisms underlying this effects.Methods The content of levodopa/benserazide released from the microspheres was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.The rat model of PD was induced by 6-OHDA injections.Then the valid PD rats were treated with levodopa ( 12 mg/kg,s.c.)/benserazide ( 15 mg/kg,s.c.) or microspheres.Forepaw adjusting steps were measured on 1,4,7,10 and 14 days after treatment.After 2 weeks of treatment,the abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) were measured.Phosphorylated dopamine,cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) at threonine 34 levels were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot respectively.In addition,the levels of △FosB were measured by Western blot.Results In vivo release test showed that 76.2％ of levodopa and 83.6％ benserazide were released from the microspheres on day 7.Forepaw adjusting steps showed that the scores of forepaw adjusting steps in microspheres-treated PD rats were ( 5.8 ± 1.6 ) and ( 5.2 ± 1.5 ) respectively on 10 and 14 days of treatment,which were increased compared to levodopa-treaded PD rats (2.4 ± 1.1 and 1.2 ± 0.5 ; t =4.12,5.43,all P ＜0.01 ).The AIM scores of microspheres-treated rats ( 16.0 ±2.1 ) were decreased significantly compared to levodopa-treated rats ( 26.0 ± 3.2 ) on day 14 ( t =6.59,P ＜ 0.01 ).Immunohistochemistry indicated that the phosphorylated levels of DARPP-32 in microspheres-treated rats ( (3.7 ± 1.3 ) × 104 )were decreased significantly compared to levodopa-treated rats ( (7.9 ± 2.2) × 104 ; t =2.95,P ＜ 0.05 ).In addition,Western blot showed that the levels of phosphorylated DARPP-32 and △FosB were 119.4％ ± 11.3％ and 149.3％ ± 12.3％ respectively,which were decreased significantly compared to levodopatreated rats ( 184.8％ ± 13.7％ and 300.4％ ± 14.2％ ; t =4.12,2.91,all P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Microspheres can be used to improve the motor deficits and reduce the expression of dyskinesia in PD rats.This may be due to the continuous release of levodopa/beserazide from the microspheres,which leads to continuous stimulation of PD rats and reduces the levels of phosphorylated DARPP-32 and △FosB in the striata of these rats.

Objective To summarize the outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC) treated by helical tomotherapy in the Chinese PLA general hospital. Methods Between September 2007 and August 2010, 121 newly diagnosed NPC patients were treated by radiotherapy with Tomotherapy system, with ( n =90) or without ( n = 31) concurrent chemotherapy or molecular target therapy. The prescription dose was 70 - 74 Gy/33f to primary tumor and positive lymph node planning target volume,60. 0 - 62. 7 Gy/33f to high risk planning target volume, and 52 -56 Gy/33f to low risk planning target volume. Acute side-effects were evaluated with RTOG/EORTC criteria. Results The remission rate of primary lesion and positive lymph nodes was 95. 0％ and 99. 0％ , respectively. The follow-up rate was 100％ . The number of patients with 1 ,2 and 3 years followed-up were 99 , 49 , and 7. The 1-, 2-and 3-year local relapse-free survival rates were 97. 30％ , 97. 3％ and 97. 3％ , respectively. The 1-,2-and 3-year nodal relapse-free survival rates were 100％ , 100％ and lOO％, respectively. The 1-, 2-and 3-year distant metastasis-free survival rates were 98. 4％ , 96. 3％ and 96. 3％ , respectively. The 1-, 2-and 3-year overall survival rates were 96. 5％ ,92. 6％ and 86. 8％ , respectively. Acute toxicities of skin, oral mucosa and xerostomia with grade 0,1,2 and 3 were 5. 0％ , 74. 4％ , 15. 7％ and 4. 9％ ; 0. 8％ , 37. 2％ , 57. 9％ and 4. 1％ ; 3. 3％ , 53. 7％ ,43. 0％ and 0％ , respectively. Xerostomia restored with time, no grade 2 or more xerostomia was observed 1 year after radiation therapy. Concurrent chemotherapy significantly increased incidence of mucositis,esophagitis and tracheitis. Conclusion Helical tomotherapy is efficient, secure and effective modality for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Objective To develop the analytical method of dexmedetomidine in human plasma by solid phase extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPE-GC/ MS). Methods The human plasma were extracted with a solid phase extraction(SPE) and determined by GC/MS. Results The lowest detectable limit was 0.05μg/mL, the standard curve was linear over the range of 0.2μg/mL~5μg/mL. The absolute recovery was 86.1%~91.5%. The intra-and interday precision was within 7.86% at three concentrations. Conclusion Since the procedure proved to be simple, quick and sensitive, it could be used for the determination of dexmedetomidine in human plasma.

Objective To investigate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the lysostaphin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus variants induced by recombinant lysostaphin in vitro .Methods Three clinical isolates of S . aureus ,including two resistant to methicillin (MRSA ) and one susceptible to methicillin (MSSA ) were induced by treatment with sub‐MIC of recombinant lysostaphin via one‐step selection in vitro .Susceptibility of the variants to antibiotics were determined and compared with their parental strains .The full length of femABX genes was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to identify the potential mutation sites in these genes .The growth‐curve in liquid medium and virulence in a mouse systemic infection model of both parental and variant strains were observed . Results The frequency of lysostaphin resistance in S . aureus was between 10-4 to 10-8 following induction by lysostaphin . Resistance to lysostaphin was associated with a significant decrease in growth rate in vitro and virulence in vivo ,as well as increased susceptibility toβ‐lactams evidenced by the M IC of β‐lactams against the variants as low as 1/4 000 to 1/2 of the M IC against their parental strains . Sequencing of f emA BX genes showed mutation in femA gene in both variants ,which resulted in a premature termination codon .Conclusions Resistance of S . aureus to lysostaphin may develop following induction by recombinant lysostaphin in vitro . The lysostaphin‐resistant S . aureus variants are characteristic of lower growth rate , decreased virulence ,and higher susceptibility to β‐lactams .

Objective To evaluate the effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on the expression of CC chemokine ligand 27 (CCL27) in human epidermal keratinocytes,and to explore its mechanism.Methods Immunohistochemical study was performed to determine the expression of CCL27 in skin lesions of 10 patients with psoriasis and skin tissues of 5 healthy controls.Cultured HaCaT cells were divided into 8 groups:control group treated with PBS,5 IL-22 groups treated with 12.5,25,50,100 and 200 μg/L IL-22 respectively,2 signaling pathway inhibition groups treated with 50 μrmol/L AG490 (JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway inhibitor) or PD98059 (MAPK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor) for 2 hours followed by the treatment with 50 μg/L IL-22 in the 5％ CO2 incubator at 37 ℃.After 24-hour cultivation,total proteins were extracted,and culture supernatants were collected,and both Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to determine the expression of CCL27.Results Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of CCL27 was significantly higher in the skin lesions of the patients with psoriasis than in the skin tissues of the healthy controls.Western blot analysis revealed that the protein expression of CCL27 in the 12.5-,25-,50-,100-and 200-μg/L IL-22 groups was 0.491 ± 0.013,0.620 ± 0.019,0.623 ± 0.014,0.802 ± 0.052 and 1.138 ± 0.013 respectively,which were all higher than that in the control group (0.413 ± 0.013,all P ＜ 0.01).The expression of CCL27 was significantly lower in the IL-22 + AG490 group (0.411 ± 0.019) and IL-22 + PD98059 group (0.280 ± 0.012) than in the 50-μg/L IL-22 group (both P ＜ 0.01).ELISA also showed the same trend of changes in the level of CCL27 in the above groups as Western blot showed.Conclusion IL-22 can promote the expression of CCL27 in HaCaT cells,which may be associated with the MAPK-ERK 1/2 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.

Objective To establish quality control of Xinnaoling granules .Methods Thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods were used to identify Rhizoma Corydalis ,Radix Angelicae dahuricae ,Cortex Magnoliae officinalis ,Radix Glycyrrhi-zae ,Rhizoma Ligusticum ,Ligusticum wallichii ,Schisandra Chinensis ,Dendranthema morifolium .The concentration of salvi-anolic acid B was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .The method employed a column of Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 (4 .6 mm × 250 mm ,5 μm) with a mobile phase of 0 .5% formic acid (A)-acetonitrile (B) at a temperature 25℃ .The gradient elution program was as follow :0~5 min 24% B ,5~6 min 24% ~19% B ,6~25 min 19~20% B .The flow rate was 1 .0 ml/min ,and the injection volume was 10μl and the detection wavelength was 286 nm .Results The spots in TLC plates were clear and specific .As for salvianolic acid B ,the linear range was 20-1 280 μg/ml and the equation of linear regres-sion of salvianolic acid B was Y=13 .304 X -117 .50 (r=0 .999 9 ,n=7) .The average recovery rate was 96 .17% (RSD=1 . 10% ) .Conclusion The method was proved to be simple ,reliable ,reproducible ,and could be used in the quality control of Xinnaoling g ranules .

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the image quality of 4D cone beam CT (4D-CBCT) and the characteristic parameters of respiratory motion. Methods: Catphan 500 was fixed on the Mapcheck XY/4D table by a fixation device. The control platform was utilized to simulate the static and 19 motion states. A synergy accelerator was adopted to perform 4D-CBCT scan of the image quality detection module under different motion states. By analyzing the geometric accuracy, spatial resolution, low-contrast visibility, CT value uniformity and motion position accuracy of the images of the 10 phases of the reconstructed images, the relationship among the image quality of 4D-CBCT, motion direction, amplitude and cycle was analyzed. Results: 4D-CBCT images could not be properly reconstructed in the static state or only in the left-right (LR) direction. The image quality was significantly worse than that in the SI direction. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was decreased as the motion cycle was increased. When the cycle was increased from 2 s to 6 s, the CNR was significantly declined from 3.33 to 1.72(P<0.01), whereas respiratory motion exerted no significant effect upon the geometric accuracy, spatial resolution and sagittal position. Conclusions The CNR, horizontal and vertical geometric accuracy and motion position accuracy of 4D-CBCT image quality are significantly affected by respiratory motion, whereas spatial resolution and sagittal geometric accuracy are not significantly influenced by respiratory motion.4D-CBCT requires the intervention of periodical motion in the SI direction. Excessively slow or absence of periodical motion can influence the image quality and even the images cannot be accurately reconstructed.4D-CBCT image reconstruction equally requires the intervention of periodical motion in the SI direction. The image quality is simultaneously affected by the amplitude and cycle of respiratory motion. For 4D-CBCT scan, the respiratory cycle of<6 s and an amplitude of>0.75 cm are recommended.