Tumor may generate from tumor stem cell and the microenvironment,and cancer stem cells are derived from the mutation of normal stem cells according to cancer stem cells hypothesis. Breast cancer stem cells are the first identified cancer stem cells in solid tumor. Breast cancer stem cells have been isolated successfully by many kinds of strategies, and their biological behaviors are gradually studied deeply. Self-renewal and differentiation of breast cancer stem cells are regulated by microenviroment and many signaling pathways. Therapy targeting breast cancer stem cells is gradually becoming the focus of tumor targeted therapy study.

Objective To study biological significance of CD44v6 and p63 protein expression in buccal squamous cell carcinomas (BSCC). Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to examine the expression of CD44v6 and p63 protein in 52 cases of BSCC,10 cases of atypical hyperplasia and 10 cases of normal buccal mucosa,which were analyzed based on clinic and pathology characteristics.Results In normal tissue,atypical hyperplastic tissue of buccal mucosa and BSCC tissue,the expression of CD44v6 decreased gradually 90.0 ％ (9/10),80.0 ％ (8/10) and 55.8 ％ (29/52),respectively,and the layers of positive expression was decreased,and the expression of p63 increased gradually,30.0 ％ (3/10),40.0 ％ (4/10) and 90.4 ％(47/52),respectively.The differences of their expression rates were significant (P ＜0.05).The expression of CD44v6 and p63 had no relationship with gender,age,tumor classification,pathological differentiation (P ＞0.05).CD44v6 was relevant with invasion style and lymphatic node metastasis of BSCC (P ＜ 0.05),while p63 has no relevance with lymphatic node metastasis of BSCC (P ＞0.05).Conclusion CD44v6 and p63 participate in the regulation of generation and deve-lopment process of BSCC.CD44v6 can be utilized as a useful marker of BSCC for detection and prediction of prognosis.p63 play a role as oncogene,which can be a useful marker for BSCC detection.CD44v6 and p63 have independent function in generation,development,metastasis and aversion of BSCC.

This article analyses the measures concerning how to improve the quality and ensure the effect of pre-graduate practice on the enlarging of enrollments of GDPU.By discussing the multi-aspects of pre-graduate practice,such as integrating concentrate practice with decentralization practice,setting up the steady practice base,double-tutor system,strengthening the monitor of practice,multi-model of practice,in combination with industry,education and research etc.the article explores the approach to the reform of mode of the pre-graduate practice.

Objective To explore the causes of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its treatment.Methods From January 1998 to February 2007,totally 8600 cases of LC were performed in our hospital.Bile duct injury occurred in 36 of them,among which,the common hepatic duct was cut in 20 cases,the common bile duct was severed in 4 patients,the common hepatic duct was cut and freed in 4;incomplete clipping of the common hepatic duct or common bile duct occurred in 3 and 1 cases respectively;3 cases had injury to the conjunction of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct;electrical burn injury happened in 1 patient.Thirty one of the injured cases were detected during the laparoscopic surgery,while the other five were found because of jaundice or biliary leakage.The patients received bile duct repair and T tube drainage(24),T tube drainage(4),Roux-en-Y bowel biliary anastomosis(4),bile duct anastomosis(1),or removal of the titanium clips after the accidents.Results One of the patients who received bile duct anastomosis developed biliary stenosis after the T tube was withdrawn in 2 months after the surgery,Roux-en-Y bowel biliary anastomosis was thus performed 3 months later.Two patients who underwent Roux-en-Y anastomosis developed anastomotic stenosis after the operation,and thus received a second anastomosis in 11 months.These 3 patients who received totally 3 operations,were followed up for 2 to 3 years,none of them developed cholangitis or biliary stones.One patient in this series had refractory cholangitis,jaundice,and liver function impairment,and was cured after 1-year anti-inflammation and liver support therapy.In the other 32 patients,an 8-to 36-month follow-up(mean,16 months) was achieved,during which none of them showed any complications.Conclusions Bile duct injury can be due to lacking experience and knowledge of the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy,inappropriate enrollment of the patients,inaccurate operation,misuse of the surgical instruments,or being unable to discern the Calot's triangle.Strict indications for the operation,advanced training for young doctors,and appropriate timing for conversion to an open surgery are necessary to decrease the rate of bile duct injury.

Object To perform detail studies on different species of Ligusticum L (Uumbelliferae) currently prescribing in Yunnan Province for the purpose to clarify the claotic state of its clinical use Methods By literature retrieval, field and market center inspection and pharmacognostic identification in comparison with those documented in classical literatures to arrive at a reasonable evaluation Results Two varieties of Ligusticum L., the Huanggaoben and Heigaoben were currently in common use in Yunnan Province Huanggaoben, the yellow ligusticum, was originated from Sinodielsia yunnanensis Wolff and Ligusticum delavayi Franch Heigaoben, the balck ligusticum, was oringinated from Ligusticum pteridophyllum Franch Conclusion The study may provide references for the further study and clinical use of this medicinal plant

Object To study the chemical constituents of Hedysarum sikkimense Benth. ex Baker var rigidum Hand Mazz Methods The constituents were repeatedly separated and purified on silica gel column They were identified and structurally elucidated by physicochemical data and spectral analysis Results Nine compounds were obtained Eight of them were lupeol (Ⅰ); isoformononetein (Ⅱ); 3 (4 hydroxyphenyl) 6,7 dimethoxy 4H 1 benzopyran 4 one (Ⅲ); ursolic acid (Ⅳ); docosanoic acid 2,3 dihydroxypropyl ester (Ⅴ); lignoceric acid (Ⅵ); ? sitosterol (Ⅶ) and sucrose (Ⅷ) Conclusion All of them are isolated from this plant for the first time

Objective To observe the effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (GL) on counteracting lipid peroxidation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC)and to explore its therapeutic mechanism for atherosclerosis. Methods The effects of GL on the content of lipid peroxide(LPO)and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in medium were studied . Results GL decreased LPO content and increased SOD activity in a dose-effect manner. Conclusion GL can counteract the lipid peroxidation in VSMC and its therapeutic mechanism for atherosclerosis may be related to the counteraction of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of endogenous antioxidase activity.

The relationship between apoptosis of granulosa cells and follicle development arrest in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) rats, and the contribution of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in apoptosis of granulosa cells were explored. By using sodium prasterone sulfate rat PCOS model was induced. The apoptosis of granulosa cells in ovaries of rats was observed by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and the expression of TRAIL protein and mRNA in granulosa cells was detected by using immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. The apoptotic rate and the expression of protein TRAIL in granulosa cells were significantly higher in antral follicles from the PCOS rats than in those from the control rats (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in apoptotic rate and the expression of TRAIL protein in granulosa cells of preantral follicles between the PCOS rats and the control rats (P>0.05). No apoptosis and the expression of TRAIL protein in granulosa cells of primordial follicles were found in the two groups. The expression of TRAIL mRNA was significantly stronger in granulosa cells from the PCOS rats than in those from the control rats (P<0.01). It was suggested that the apoptotic rate in granulosa cells was significantly higher in antral follicle from the PCOS rats than in those from the control rats. TRAIL played a role in regulating the apoptosis of granulosa cells in PCOS rats.

To study the effects of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) on the in vitro maturation, fertilization, cleavage and blastula formation of mouse oocytes, the immature oocytes were infected in vitro by MCMVs of different dosages (100 TCID(50), 10 TCID(50) and 1 TCID(50)). The oocytes were then observed for in vitro maturation, fertilization, cleavage and blastula formation and the ultrastructural changes after the culture with the viruses. Our results showed that no significant differences were found in IVM, IVF, cleavage and blastula formation among the groups treated with of virus of various dosages. And ultrastructural abnormality was observed in the oocytes treated by 100 TCID(50) of viruses. It is concluded that MCMV did not have any conspicuous effects on IVM, IVF, cleavage and blastula formation of murine immature oocytes.
Blastocyst ; Cells, Cultured ; Cleavage Stage, Ovum ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; Fertilization ; Muromegalovirus/*pathogenicity ; Oocytes/cytology ; Oocytes/growth & development ; Oocytes/*virology

Objective:To investigate the association of the rsl801133 polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)gene and rs2236225 polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase(MTHFD1)gene with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P)in Chinese population of Shanxi Province.Methods:The rsl801133 polymorphism of MTHFR gene and rs2236225 polymorphism of MTHFD1 gene were examined by PCR-RFLP in 265 patients with NSCL/P and 276 healthy controls.Data were statistically analysed.Results:The genotypic distribution of rsl801133 and rs2236225 was not deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.There was no significant difference in allele frequencies of rsl801133 and rs2236225 variants between patients with NSCL/P and healthy individuals(P <0.05).Conclusion:The polymorphism of MTHFR gene and MTHFD1 gene was not associated with NSCL/P in Chinese population of Shanxi Province.