Objective To explore the effect of chitosan on the prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesion. Methods Forty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned into group A(control group);group B and group C;2 ml of 1% lactic acid, 32% Dextran-70 or 2% Chitosan-lactic acid (CLA) was admitted on the region of serosal injury of intestine respectively during operation. The adhesive degree was observed and biopsy was taken on the 14th postoperative day. Results There were statistically significant differences among the degrees of adhesions between the three groups (P

OBJECTIVE:To promote rational drug use in rural areas of China.METHODS:Problems existed in practical rural rational drug use were analyzed by consulting the related recent literature on researches of rational drug use.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The current situation of rational use of drugs in rural areas of China is still far from optimistic even though multi-researches about rational drug use have been launched and some achievements have been made.Strategies and measures concerning rational drug use have to be further explored and generalized;theories about rational drug use must be improved and the practice of rational drug use should be directed.

To direct at the weak points in traditional teaching,teaching methods have been reformed in human parasitology.This article discusses practice in teaching reform of human parasitology.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the procurability and prices of essential medicines in Hubei Xiaogan rural area.METHODS:According to the standard methodology for the investigation of drug prices recommended by the World Health Organization and European Health Action International organization,a survey on the procurability and prices of essential medicines was conducted in 4 hospitals and 3 drugstores in Hubei Xiaogan rural area.RESULTS:The procurability of essential medicines in both hospitals and drugstores was low.The prices of drugs were lower in drugstores than in hospitals.As compared with the international reference prices,the drug prices in drugstores were lower while those in hospitals were higher.The markup ratio in one hospital was far above 15.0%,while those in the other two hospitals were all within 15.0%.CONCLUSION:The procurability of essential medicines in Hubei Xiaogan rural area remains to be increased,and there is space for the reduction of drug prices.

Objective To determine the genotypes and distribution of MSP2 of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Yunnan and Hainan provinces, China.Methods The central polymorphic region of MSP2 allele was amplified by the nested PCR for genotyping of P.falciparum. Results The higher degree of polymorphism of MSP2 of P.falciparum was observed in Yunnan and Hainan. Distribution and allele frequencies differed in both provinces, indicating considerable geographical heterogeneity of parasite populations. The mixed infection of different allele type and multiplicity of infection was more frequent in Hainan than in Yunnan.Conclusion There were obvious differences in the distribution and frequencies of MSP2 alleles between Yunnan and Hainan endemic areas. MSP2 is suitable to be used as a marker gene for the genotyping of P.falciparum infection.

Objective To obtain an antigenic gene of adult Trichinella spiralis. Methods cDNA library of the adult Trichinella spiralis was screened using the sera of immunized and infected rabbits. The gene sequence was analyzed by DNAstar software and GenBank database. Results Nine positive clones were identified by immunoscreening. The clone Ts87 was sequenced and a cDNA with 1 172 bp full length was obtained using 5′ RACE technique, encoding 347 amino acids. Some possible antigen epitopes were predicted. Conclusion A novel antigenic gene of Trichinella spiralis was obtained.

Objective To obtain the recombinant protein of an antigen gene Ts88 of Trichinella spiralis and identify the characteristics of the recombinant protein. Methods Ts88 cDNA obtained by immunoscreening the cDNA library of adult T. spiralis was subcloned into the pET 28c(+) expression vector and expressed in E.coli . Mice were immunized with the fusion protein incorporated into Freund’s adjuvant and the immune sera were collected. The titers of the Ts88 immune sera and the antigenicity of the recombinant protein were detected by ELISA and Western blotting. Immuno fluorescence test was performed in order to confirm the distribution of Ts88 protein in the worm. Results The fragment of Ts88 gene was expressed successfully in E.coli and a highly purified fusion protein was obtained. Immunization with the recombinant protein in mice produced high titers of antibodies, which recognized some components of native antigens of soluble proteins from adult worm of T. spiralis. Western blotting analysis showed that Ts88 recombinant antigen was recognized by all the positive sera, such as the sera from infected or immunized rabbits, from infected swine and from patients of trichinosis. Immuno fluorescence test confirmed that Ts88 protein mainly distributed in the cuticle surface of the worm. Conclusion The Ts88 antigen gene from T. spiralis was successfully expressed. The recombinant protein presented antigenicity.

Objective To investigate the neuroprotection of delayed treatment of thoracic acute spinal cord injury with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in rat model of compressive injury. Methods Sixteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (compressive injury group) and experimental group (rhEPO group), In the compressive injury group,the animals recived 0.9% saline treatment at 2 h, day 1 and day 3 after the injury, while in the rhEPO group, rhEPO (3 000 U/kg) was given to rats at 2 h, day 1 and day 3 after the injury. All the rats were observed in 4 days after the injury. The primary outcomes were evaluated by BBB scale, apoptotic index, inflammatory index and electron microscopy. Results Delayed treatment of thoracic acute spinal cord injury with rhEPO could reduce apoptosis, regulate inflammation, improve motor function and promote regeneration of the spinal cord. Conclusion Our study suggests that delayed treatment of thoracic spinal cord compressive injury with rhEPO could exert neuroprotection.

BACKGROUND:Percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures has gained good clinical results and it is characterized as smal trauma, less bleeding and very low rate of complications. The vast majority of elderly patients can tolerate it, but this method cannot prevent fracture replase in the elderly. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical outcomes of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti-osteoporosis drug for the treatment of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures METHODS:According to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 137 patients, including 26 males and 111 females, mean age of (75.55±6.96) years, with a total of 198 acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated by kyphoplasty that involves injection of polymethyl methacrylate cement under radiologic control into a treated vertebral body were conducted in this study. Al patients were asked to take anti-osteoporosis drugs for 3 post-treatment months. The primary outcomes were visual analogue scale, ertebral restoring rate, Oswestry disability index, Cobb angle at different time (pre-operation, 1 week and 3 months after operation). In addition, the rate of complications and the replase rate of vertebral compression fractures after operation were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were significant differences in the mean visual analog scale scores, vertebral restoring rate, Oswestry disability index, Cobb angle at pre-procedure and post-procedure (at 1 week and 3 months) (P<0.001). In addition, the rate of postoperative complications was 0.7%and there were no vertebral compression fractures during 3-month fol ow-up period. Our study suggests that percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti-osteoporosis drug for the treatment of acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures can gain good clinical results.

Objective To develop transparency measurement scale on medicine use information in primary health care facilities. Methods The dimensions and items of scale were determined through literature review and expert consultation. The scale was used to investigate 100 primary health care facilities in eastern, central and western regions. Correlation coefficient analysis, Cronbach's coefficient, and exploratory factor analysis were used to select items. Five dimensions and 20 items were selected for the final scale. Cronbach's coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the formal scale. Factor analysis was used for construct validity evaluation. Results Dimensions were measured, including service processes, organization and regulation for pharmacy administration, patients informing and education, medicine catalogue, and the economic burden of patients. The scale had good reliability since overall Cronbach coefficient was 0. 844. Factor analysis extracted five common factors, total explaining 89. 69% of the cumulative variance, and the item distribution in five common factors was completely consistent with formal scale, indicating good construct validity. Conclusion This scale had good reliability and validity as a measurement tool to evaluate the transparency level of primary health care facilities in China.