Objective The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the effects of remifentanil (R) and fentanyl (F) given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) on the Cp50 of TCI propofol for loss of consciousness ( LOC ) . Methods Sixty-four ASA 1 or II patients aged 20-55 yr undergoing elective cholecystectomy or mastectomy under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. Their BMI ranged from 18-30 kg?m-2. The patients were randomly allocated to one of four groups with 16 patients in each group: (1) propofol alone (P), (2) P + remifentanil (Cp = 4 ?g?L-1 ) (R4), (3) P + remifentanil (Cp = 7 ?g?L 1 ) (R7) and (4) P + fentanyl (Cp = 4?g?L-1 ) (F). The patients were unpremeditated. Anesthesia was induced with remifentanil or fentanyl and propofol both given by TCI. The plasma concentration (Cp) of remifentanil and fentanyl were fixed in each group. The Cp50 of propofol for LOC was determined by up-and-down sequential trial. Cp of propofol was set at 1.25, 1.50, 1.80, 2.16, 2.59, 3.11, 3.73 and 4.48 mg?L-1 . If a patient did not go to sleep at a certain Cp of propofol, the next patient was tested at a higher concentration conversely if the patient went to sleep a lower concentration was tested in the next patient. The BIS values and hemodynamic changes were recorded before induction and at LOC (no response to verbal command and loss of eyelash reflex). The TCI pump was controlled by pharmacokinetic models developed by Marsh (propofol) Minto ( remifentanil) and Shafer ( fentanyl) . Results The Cp of propofol for LOC in group P was 3.48 mg ? L-1 , significandy higher than that in group F (2.31 mg ? L -1 ), group R4 (2.11 mg?L-1) and group R7 (1.76mg?L-1 ) (P

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Yin-Huang pills combined with Banlangen granule therapy on upper respiratory infection.Methods 120 cases of acute upper respiratory infection were randomly separated into an experiment group and a control group.The experiment group was treated by Yin-Huang pills combined with Banlangen granule;while the control group was treated by Yin-Huang pills.Results There was significant difference of cure rate between the experiment group(75%)and the control group(51.6%),with P＜0.01.There was no significant difference of total effective rate between the experiment group(96.6%)and the control group(88.3%),with P＞0.05.Conclusion Yin-Huang pills combined with Banlangen granule therapy was more effective in controlling acute upper respiratory infection,and this therapy caused few adverse effects.

Objective To investigate error-related negativity characteristics of patients with internalizing mental disorders and its diagnostic value.Methods Fifty-five patients met with DSM-Ⅳ anxiety or depression criteria were sampled from outpatients and inpatients,and 20 normal adults were selected as control group.With Eriksen and Simon tasks as evoked stimuli,error-related negativities of each participant were acquired using Canada Stellate-64 channel EEG/ERP Instrument and BESA5.2 software,and the data of general information,clinical symptoms,reaction time,and error rate were collected.Results (1) Correct reaction time ((377.5±98.8) ms)and errors reaction time ((337.3±96.6)ms) of patient group were significantly longer than those of control group ((288.5±105.9)ms and (281.9±94.3)ms) on the Eriksen task and Simon task,and there were no significantly group differences on other indicators (P＞0.05).(2) ERN amplitudes at 6 sities (Fz =(4.97±5.74) μV,F3 =(5.50±4.59) μV,F4 =(6.26±6.79) μV,Cz =(4.74±5.51) μV,C3 =(5.44±4.8) μV,C4 =(5.50± 5.28) μV) of patients group were significantly greater than those of control group ((1.17± 1.47)μV,(2.22±3.95) μV,(3.40±2.55)μV,(2.28± 1.41) μV,(3.05±2.47) μV,(3.16±2.51) μV) on the Eriksen task.ERN amplitudes at Fz((5.43±6.61) μV) and F4((6.00±5.50)μV) of patient group were significantly were greater than those of control group ((2.05 ±2.34) μV,(3.09±2.86)μV) on the Simon task,and there were no significantly group differences on the ERN amplitudes at other sites (P＞0.05).(3) ERN latencies ((87.6±34.4) ms and (84.9±34.8) ms) of patient group at Fz and F4 were significantly longer than control group ((54.0±46.5) ms and (36.3±42.4)ms) on the Simon task,and there were no significantly group differences on the ERN latencies at other sites (P＞0.05).Conclusion The increased error related potentials suggest that patients with internalizing mental disorders has an internal error monitoring defects,and ERN might be a useful endophenotype for internalizing mental disorders.

Depression, a seriously harmful disease to peoples ’ physical and mental health , is prevailing world-wide.But the etiology and pathological mechanism is still not fully uncovered .With the development of social economy and the pace of life speeding up , increasing pressure and vulnerable emotion cause depression incidence increased rapidly .For the further research on depression , study of depression mechanism and antidepressant drugs highly depends on effective ani -mal models .The degree of similarity of animal models to human disease status and the accuracy and reliability of evaluation methods of animal models directly influence the value of the resuts of experiments .In this article we introduce the common-ly used animal models of depression , the evaluation indicators at organism , organ, and molecular levels , and to provide theoretical references for the further studies on depression .

Objective:To observe the therapeutic effects of lung protective ventilation on acute lung injury caused by chest trauma and seawater.Methods: Acute lung injury was induced in 18 healthy dogs by open pneumothorax and seawater and the dogs were then randomly divided into 3 groups: non-treatment group(received no treatment),common treatment group(nasal ventilation,thoracic drianage and intravenous 5% glucose solution) and lung protective ventilation group(mechanical ventilation,thoracic drianage and intravenous 5% glucose solution).Blood samples were taken at different time points to observe the changes of blood gas(PaO_(2),PaCO_(2)and PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)),hemodynamic parameters(heart rate,mean blood pressure,cardiac output) and cytokines(TNF-?,IL-4 and IL-8).Results: After injury,PaO_(2) declined significantly in the dogs,PaO_(2)/FiO_(2) was lower than 300 and the levels of TNF-?,IL-6 and IL-8 were increased obviously.PaO_(2),PaO_(2)/FiO_(2) and TNF-? level were significantly higher in lung protective ventilation group than those in common treatment group(P

Objective To compare the plasma volume expanding effect of hydroxyethyl starch (HES)130/0.4 and electrolyte solution (E-HES) and HES 130/0.4 and normal saline (NS-HES) in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia.Methods A multicenter,prospective,randomized,double-blind,controlled clinical trial was conducted.Two hundred and forty-two ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 18-64 yr with body mass index 18-29 kg/m2 undergoing noncardiac surgery were randomly divided into 2 groups: group E-HES and group NS-HES.E-HES and NS-HES 15 ml/kg was infused iv over 1 h immediately after induction of anesthesia in groups E-HES and NS-HES respectively.Arterial blood samples were taken before (baseline) and at 15 min after the end of HES infusion for blood gas analysis (pH value,BE,HCO3-,K+,Na+,Cl-,Mg2+ ) and measurement of Hb,Hct,blood chemistry (ALT,AST,Cr,BUN,Glu) and coagulation function.The electrolyte abnormality,requirement for vasopressor,treatment-related adverse effects (prolonged prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time and hyperchloremia) and fluid balance were recorded.Results Of the 242 patients,122received E-HES and 120 received NS-HES.Ninety-one patients in group E-HES and 95 in group NS-HES completed the trial.The pH value,BE,HCO3 -,K+,and Mg2+ were significantly higher and Na+ and Cl- lower at 15 min after HES infusion was finished in group E-HES than in group NS-HES.BE,HCO3-,Na+,Mg2+,Hb and Hct were significantly decreased while Cl- was significantly increased in group NS-HES while Na+,Mg2+,Hb and Hct were significantly decreased and Cl- was increased in group E-HES at 15 min after HES infusion as compared with the baseline values before infusion.The incidence of clinical significant abnormality in plasma K+ and Cl- was significantly lower in group E-HES than in group NS-HES.There were no significant differences in Hb,Hct,urine output,amount of HES infused,vasopressor requirement,the incidence of clinically significant abnormality in blood chemistry and treatment-related adverse effects between the 2 groups.Conclusion E-HES and NS-HES have the same plasma volume expanding effect,but E-HES maintains better electrolyte and acid-base balance than NS-HES.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxycodone hydrochloride injection for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing the operation under general anesthesia in a prospective,randomized,blind,multicenter,positive-controlled,clinical trial.Methods Two hundred and forty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,weighing 40-95 kg,scheduled for elective abdominal operation or orthopedic surgeries under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =120 each):morphine sulfate injection group (group M) and oxycodone hydrochloride injection group (group O).Morphine or oxycodone 1 mg was injected intravenously when the patients complained of pain after tracheal extubation or removal of the laryngeal mask,and administration was repeated if necessary until VAS≤40 mm.Then patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) (100 ml,0.5 mg/ml) with morphine or oxycodone was used for postoperative analgesia (lasting for 48 h).The PCIA pump was set up with a 1 ml bolus dose,a 5 min lockout interval and background infusion at a rate of 0.5 mg/h.Pain at rest and during movement was assessed using VAS score at 3,24 and 48 h after administration,and non-inferiority test was performed.Total morphine or oxycodone consumption,requirement for rescue analgesic,the number of unsuccessfully delivered dose,the number of attempts,and the level of patient' s satisfaction were recorded within 48 h after operation.The adverse events were recorded and laboratory examinations (blood and urine routine test,blood biochemical examination) were performed within 72 h after administration.Results There was no significant difference in the VAS scores at rest and during movement at different time points,requirement for rescue analgesic,the number of unsuccessfully delivered doses and attempts,level of patient' s satisfaction,total morphine or oxycodone consumption,and adverse events between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).No serious adverse event occurred in the two groups.The most common adverse event was nausea,followed by vomiting.There was no significant difference in the incidences and degree of nausea and vomiting between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The incidences of nausea and vomiting in patients underwent orthopedic surgeries were significantly lower in group O than in group M (P ＜ 0.05).The other adverse events were fewer and abnormal laboratory examinations were rare in the two groups.95％ confidence interval of the difference between the mean VAS scores at rest and during movement at each time point was within 15 mm (boundary values of non-inferiority testing) in the two groups.Conclusion PCIA with oxycodone hydrochloride injection is safe and effective in reducing pain after moderate or major operation,and the analgesic efficacy is similar to that of morphine sulfate injection,however,the development of nausea and vomiting is reduced when PCIA with oxycodone hydrochloride injection is used for orthopedic surgeries as compared with that when morphine sulfate injection is used and the ratio between the analgesic efficacy of the two drugs is close to 1∶1.

Objective To investigate the effects of dexamethasone on absorption of lung edema in rabbits with seawater drowning-induced acute lung injury.Methods Seawater(4 ml/kg body weight)was instilled into the lower trachea of ventilated and anesthetized rabbits.These rabbits were assigned randomly to receive intravenous injection of 1 mg/ kg body weight of dexamethasone(dexamethasone group,DG)or 2 ml of normal saline(control group,CG).Lung edema was measured by extravascular lung water index(EVLWI)using a gravimetric method.Three hours after treatment, epithelial Na~+ channel subunit-?(?-ENaC)mRNA and Na~+/K~+-adenosine triphosphatase subunit-?l(NKA-?l) protein abundances in lung tissues were respectively measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting,and NKA activity was measured by monitoring the release of inorganic phosphate(Pi)from adenosine triphosphate(ATP).Results The DG's EVLWI was significantly lower than the CG's[(0.508?0.089)vs.(0.648?0.102),P＜0.05)],but the DG's NKA activity,?-ENaC mRNA and NKA-?l protein abundances were significantly higher than the CG's,correspondingly(P＜0.05).Conclusions With up-regulation of the NKA activity and expressions of?-ENaC and NKA-?l,dexamethasone treatment could promote the absorption of lung edema in rabbits with seawater drowing-induced acute lung injury.

Objective To observe the different characteristics of spontaneous activitiy after simulated weightlessness 21 days in rats , aimed to provide a evaluation method for space weightlessness induced function change in human beings and to provide a reference for researches on the astronauts protective measures .Methods 30 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into three groups , the control group , the sham tail-suspended hindlimb unloading group ( the sham group ) , the tail-suspended hindlimb unloading group ( the suspending group ) , ten animals in each group .All animals were placed in the simulated space flight environmental equipment which has a real -time monitor system for 21 days.During the 21 days, the intake of water , food and the body weight were measured every week .Meanwhile, five independent activity data were collect every day , for example, morning(8:00am~12:00am), afternoon(2:00pm~6:00pm), daytime(8:00am~8:00pm),night(8:00pm~8:00am),and whole day (8:00am ~8:00am).Results The spontaneous activity of normal rats in the control group between morning and afternoon had no significant difference , but it is significantly between night and daytime .The movement time and distance in night are 2 -3 times than that of the daytime.After 10 days of tail suspending , the circadian rhythm was disordered , and the spontaneous activity in day and night become more similar in rats of the suspending group .Because of the individual difference , the spontaneous activity is not stable at the first 10 days in rats of the sham group , but after 10 days, it become close to the control group .Conclusion Rat is nocturnal animal and sleeps in the daytime , the spontaneous activity in night is 2 -3 times as compared with the daytime.The sham tail-suspended hindlimb unloading 21 days can not influence the circadian rhythm in rats .Tail suspending 21 days will caused to the disappearance in the circadian rhythm in rats .

Objective To explore the correlation between the posterior vertebral muscle group aging degeneration and body mass index (BMI) in normal middle-aged and elderly women.Methods One hundred and fifteen women(48-75 years old) were divided into the middle-aged group (＜60 years old) and elderly group (≥60 years old).The muscle area of posterior vertebral muscle group and fat area at lumbar levels L3 were measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT).The muscle fat infiltration (MFI),e.g.fat area/(muscle area + fat area),was calculated.The differences between the two groups were compared by using independent-samples t test.The correlation and linear regression analysis were used for analyzing the correlations between the muscle area,fat area and MFI with age and BMI.Results The BMI had no statistical difference between the two groups (P＞0.05),while the muscle area of posterior vertebral muscle group,fat area and MFI had statistical difference (t=2.182,-1.997,-2.604,P=0.031,0.048,0.010);the correlation and linear regression analysis showed that controlling the body height,body mass factor and age were positively correlated with the fat area of posterior vertebral muscle group and MFI(r=0.275,0.320,t=2.915,3.445,P=0.004,0.001),while had no obvious correlation with the muscle area(r=-1.109,P =0.270);controlling age factor and BMI were positively correlated with the fat area of posterior vertebral muscle group and MFI(r=0.361,0.307,t=3.945,3.277,P≤0.001),while had no obvious correlation with the muscle area(t=1.653,P=0.101).Conclusion In middle-aged and elderly women,the fat content of posterior vertebral muscle group is increased with the age increase.In evaluating the degeneration,especially greater body mass,the fat content of muscles and their proportion have more significance than the muscle area.