There is evidence that onset time and potency of the non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents are related. The relationship between onset time and the rate of recovery has been less well studied. In this experiment, the myodynamie response of adductor pollicis to single electric stimulation of wrist ulnar nerve, served as the parameter of neuromuscular blockade, and with the isolated forearm technique being used, the onset and offset times of vecuronium, pancuronium, mivacuronium or doxacurium were recorded in four adult healthy volunteers respectively. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between onset and offset times (r=0.958, P

Objective To study the sedation efficacy of propofol combined with midazolam and /or fentanyl in fibreoptic choledochoscope. Methods Ninty outpatients were randomly divided into three groups. Group PF (n=31)was given fentanyl 0. 05 m.g plus propofol 1 mg/kg intravenously, group PM (n=29) midazolam 2 mg plus propofol 1 mg/kg, and group PMF(n=30) fentanyl 0. 05 mg, midazolam 2 mg and propofol 1 mg/kg. Propofol 20 mg was used when needed. HR,MAP,SpO_2,sedation scores and amnesia were recorded. Results All patients were awakened in 20 minutes after procedures. The recovery time was shorter in group PF than that in the other two groups. There were 21(67. 70%) patients in group PF, who were aware of surgery. Fifteen(48. 4%) patients were satisfied in group PF. Conclusion Propofol combined with midazolam and /or fentanyl in fibreoptic choledochoscope has better sedation without any obvious side effects.

Objective To explore the effect of lidocaine, the sodium channel blocker, on electrical physiological changes in the circumstances of hypoxia. Methods The effects of different doses of lidocaine (10~ -5 mol/L, 10~ -4 mol/L and 5?10~ -4 mol/L) on the changes in voltage-dependent sodium currents in hippocampal neurons of the rat induced by 10~ -5 mol/L DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) were recorded by whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp. Results DNP could increase the spike amplitude of sodium currents significantly. With the application of 10~ -5 mol/L and 10~ -4 mol/L lidocaine in advance, the spike values of each group were not significantly different from that of the contral after the administration of DNP, but the spike values after 5?10~ -4 mol/L lidocaine were lower than that of the control after the administration of DNP. Conclusion With the use of DNP, lidocaine can achieve the effect of brain protection through inhibiting the voltage-dependent sodium channel.

Objective To investigate the influence of balanced anesthesia(BA)versus total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA)on the hemodynamics and respiratory function of patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy.Methods Two groups of patients undergoing elected laparoscopic hysterectomy received balanced anesthesia(BA group,20 cases)or total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA group,20 cases)respectively.Data of hemodynamics and respiratory system were recorded and the compliance of respiratory system was calculated.Results The MAP at 10 minutes after pneumoperitoneum(PP)was elevated significantly than that before-induction in BA group(P

Objective To know the accumulation and movement of heavy metals in the environment through sewage sluge using in agriculture. Methods The sewage sludge samples were collected from sewage treatment farms of Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou in the different seasons of 1998. The content and states of heavy metals were determined by AAS. The accumulation and movement of heavy metals were analyzed as sewage sludge was used in agriculture. Results The content of heavy metals in the sewage sludge was greatly higher than that in the soil background. Especially, the contents of zinc in the sewage sludge in three cities exceeded the related standard, the means were 1 199.00, 784.00 and 1 216.00 mg/kg respectively. A long term using of sewage sludge might induce heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Conclusion Sewage sludge used in agriculture may induce heavy metal accumulation in the soil and the organisms, so the risk of environmental heavy metals accumulation may increase.

Objective To evaluate the influence of epidural block on blood coagulation and rhedogy in patients undergoing esophagectomy or lobectomy. Methods Twenty-two ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients (14 male, 8 female) aged 40-65 yr undergoing esophagectomy or lobectomy were randomized to receive either combined general-epidural anesthesia (GEA group , n = 11) or general anesthesia (GA group, n = 11). The patients were premedicated with intramuscular pethidine 50 mg, promethazine 25 mg and scopolamine 0.3 mg. In GEA group epidural catheter was placed at T9-10 interspace before general anesthesia. A test dose of 4 ml 2% lidocaine was given. When correct positioning of the epidural catheter was confirmed, general anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5-2.0 mg? kg-1 , fentanyl 2?g?kg-1 and rocuronium 0.6 mg? kg-1 , after placement of double- lumen endobronchial tube the patients were mechanically ventilated (VT 10 ml?kg-1 , RR 12 bpm, I: E = 1:2). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane inhalation and intermittent i. v. boluses of vecuronium. A mixture of 2 % lidocaine and 0.33% dicaine (1:1) was continuously infused at a rate of 4-6 ml?h-1 during operation. After operation PCEA was commenced with 0.12% ropivacaine and morphine 80 ?g?ml-1 (background infusion 4 ml?h-1 , bolus dose 2 ml, lockout interval 6 min) . In GA group the patients received the same general anesthesia technique. Postoperatively the patients were placed on PCIA with morphine 0.5 mg?ml-1 (background infusion 1 ml?h-1 , bolus dose 2 ml, lockout interval 6 min) Pain intensity was measured using VAS (0-10). Blood samples were taken before induction of anesthesia (T0, baseline), 1 and 3 h after skin incision (T1 , T2 ) and on the morning of 1st and 3rd postoperative day (T3 , T4 ) . Blood samples were tested immediately in a thromboelastograph (TEG) coagulation analyzer. Usual clotting tests (PT, APTT, platelet count, Hb, Hct), fibrinolysis tests (t-PA, PAI-A) and rheology tests were performed at the same time. Results PT and APTT were significantly prolonged during and after operation (T2,T3 ) as compared with the baseline values in both groups (P

Objective: To study the effects ot intravenous 1％ procaine on cortex. Method: Ten patients,aged 29-59 years,for elective surgical operations,were observed the changes of spectral edge frequency(SEF), medium power frequency (MPF)and ? rate(?R)on power spectral analysis and bispectral index(Bl)on bispectral analysis during intravenous propofol 4 mg?kg~(-1)? h~(-1) purely for 15 min,intravenous combination of 1％ procaine 1mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1) and propofol for 30 min, then intravenous propofol 4mg?kg~(-1)?h~(-1)purely for 15min. Result: SEF,MPF and BI values during combination stage were lower significantly (15.46?1.87Hz, 7.21?2.01Hz, 68.77?7.99 respectively)than the values during other two stages(stage 1 and stage 2 were 21.36?2.79Hz,11.55?2.62Hz,85.6?8.84 and 20.59?3.10Hz, 9.5?3.44Hz, 84.97?8.71 respectively, P

Objective To investigate the effects of midazolam on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1),ERK2 and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in hippocampal in rats.Methods Eighty male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n = 40) : group control (group C) and group midazolam (group M).The animals underwent a continuous multi-trial inhibitory avoidance training .The times of trial needed for each animal to attain the learning criterion ( 100 s) were recorded.Each animal was given intraperitoneal midazolam 3 mg/kg or normal saline 2 ml/kg at 15 min before training.The memory retention was tested at 0.5,1,2 and 24 h (n = 8,at each time point)after the training session and the memory latency was recorded.The animals were sacrificed 15 min after administration (T0) and after the memory testing (T1-4) and hippocampns was obtained for determination of phosphorylated ERK1 (p-ERK1),p-ERK2 and p-CREB expression.Results Compared with group C,the times of trial to attain the learning criterion were significantly increased,memory latency shortened at T2-4,ERK1 phosphorylation decreased at T0,3.4 while ERK2 and CREB phosphorylation decreased at T0-4.Conclusion Midazolam can inhibit ERK1,ERK2 and CREB phosphorylation in hippocampal in rats.

Objective To investigate the influence of balanced anesthesia(BA) and total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA) on the hemodynamics and respiratory function in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy.Methods Fifty elderly patients undergoing elective hysterectomy.Their mean age was 62.7?1.8 years.ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ class.They were randomly divided into two groups: balanced anesthesia group and total intra-venous anesthesia group.The perioperative data of hemodynamics,respiratory system and arterial blood gas were recorded,and the compliance of respiratory system was calculated.Results The MAP at 10 minutes after pneumoperitoneum(PP) was greatly higher than that of the pre-induction period in BA group(P

Objective To determine the influence of general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ -Ⅱ patients aged 50-70 years undergoing elective noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia ( n = 20) or general anesthesia combined with epidural block (n =20) were studied.Patients with psychiatrical or neurological disorders or taking hyponotics regularly were excluded.General anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5-2.5mg/kg and fentanyl 2?g/kg.Tracheal or bronchial intubation was facilitated with vecuronium 0.6mg/kg.The patients were then mechanically ventilated and PETCO2 was maintained at 30-40mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with 1.0%-2.0% isoflurane and intermittent iv boluses of vecuronium. Epidural catheter was inserted at T8.9 and a mixture of 0.33% poutocaine and 2%lidocaine was infused through catheter at a rate of 4-6ml/h by using Graseby 3500 infusion pump.Radial artery was cannulated for intra-arterial pressure monitoring. ECG, PETCO2 and end-tidal-isoflurane concentration were monitored during operation. Whenever BP was