Objective To prove with mathematical formula that the patient's blood electrolyte concentration shows a tendency to approach that of replacement-fluid after continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).Methods Electrolyte concentration of plasma,replacement-fluid and returning fluid were compared,and they were labeled as Cblood,Cnom,and Creturn respectively.The Creturn was calculated,and the relationship among them was demonstrated with comparison by mathematical formula.At last,according to their relationship,plasma change towards to the replacement fluid was analyzed.Results It was showed that Cblood＜Creturn＜Cnom or Cblood＞Creturn＞ Cnom,and according the relationship,it was derive that the trend of change in Cblood after circulation for m unit time was Cblood1 ＞Cblood2 ＞Cblood3 ＞ … ＞Cbloodm ＞Cblood or Cblood1 ＜ Cblood2 ＜Cblood3 ＜ … ＜Cbloodm ＜Cnom.The plasma electrolyte concentration would close to that of replacement fluid infinitely with the continue of CRRT.Conclusions With mathematical model,it is proved that the replacement fluid electrolyte concentration is the final target of the plasma.We must make up the replacement fluid correctly.And this results provide the basis for CRRT treatment of electrolyte disorder.

Objective To investigate the effects of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in children with severe pneumonia-related acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Ten children suffering severe pneumonia-related ARDS with APRV were included in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University from March 2011 to October 2014.Ventilation variables, changes of airway pressure and Ramsay scores were collected and compared with that in conventional ventilation (CV).Clinical variables were measured at CV before APRV and at 1,4,12,24 hours after transition to APRV.Results High airway pressure(Phigh) at each time point during APRV was significantly lower than peak airway pressure (Ppeak) or plateau airway pressure (Pplat) in CV[(26.00 ±2.94) cmH2O(1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa) ,(24.40 ±3.34) cmH2O,(23.30 ±3.46) cmH2O,(23.00 ± 3.80) cmH2O vs (31.80 ± 5.59) cmH2O, P ＜ 0.01].Mean airway pressure (Pmean) at each time point during APRV was significantly higher than that in CV [(23.00 ± 2.86) cmH2 O, (21.69 ± 3.12) cmH2 O, (20.89 ± 3.31) cmH2 O, (20.46 ± 3.48) cmH2 O vs (17.50 ± 2.37) cmH2 O, P ＜ 0.05].Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) were significantly decreased at 4, 12 and 24 hours after APRV than that in CV [(73.00 ± 22.39) ％, (63.50 ± 20.16) ％, (63.00 ± 21.11) ％ vs (88.00 ± 15.49) ％, P ＜ 0.05].Ramsay scores were significantly decreased at each time point during after APRV than that in CV [(3.90 ± 0.74) scores, (2.90 ± 0.88) scores, (3.00 ± 1.15) scores,(3.50 ± 0.71) scores vs (4.60 ± 0.52) scores, P ＜ 0.05].Conclusions Compared with CV, APRV had a lower Phigh and FiO2 ,a higher Pmean and more shallow sedation.APRV may be an effective ventilation mode in children's severe pneumonia-related ARDS.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and to examine its relationship with the severity and prognosis in the critically ill children. Methods A total of 83 critically ill children admitted from November 1,2010 to December 9,2010 to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University were enrolled in the study. Serum 1,25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D concentration was measured by using an en-zyme - linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Anthropometric parameters such as height/ length and weight of the chil-dren were measured. Data collection also included primary disease,Pediatric Critical Illness Score(PCIS),the Pediatric Risk of Mortality Ⅲ(PRISM Ⅲ)score,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome( MODS)rate,mechanical ventilation rate,time of hospital of stay and the 28 - day survival rate. Results There were 32 cases with vitamin D deficiency on admission,vitamin D deficiency rate on admission was 38. 6% ,and there was no statistically significant difference among different primary disease groups(P = 0. 815). Vitamin D deficiency rate of malnutrition group was lower than that of the normal group[60. 0%(12 / 20 cases)vs 40. 0%(8 / 20 cases),χ2 = 5. 989,P = 0. 014]. PCIS scores of those with a normal vitamin D status was higher than those of the vitamin D deficiency group,showing a significant difference [(80. 47 ± 6. 18)scores vs(77. 16 ± 7. 59)scores,P = 0. 022]. PCIS score was positively correlated with the vitamin D level(r = 0. 267,P = 0. 015). There was no statistically significant difference among the PRISM score,MODS rate, mechanical ventilation rate,hospital stay length and the 28th day survival rate between the normal vitamin D group and the vitamin D deficiency group(all P ﹥ 0. 05). Conclusions A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is found in the critically ill children. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children with malnutrition is higher. Vitamin D status may be correlated to the severity of the critically ill children,but the association with the prognosis is not obvious.

Objective To analyze the epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for mortality in non-(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV) infected children with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP). Methods The data of non-HIV infected children with PCP diagnosed in Beijing Children′s Hospital from January 1,2006 to December 31,2012 were collected. They were divided into survival and non-survival group according to the prognosis. The epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for mortality were analyzed. Results Sixteen patients were enrolled in this study. Ten of them survived and 6 of them were non-survived. The basic diseases included malignant tumor in 5 patients and non-malignancy diseases in 11 of them. Com-pared with the survival group,the non-survival group had a higher average age [(12. 00 ± 2. 00) years vs. (6. 65 ± 4. 32)years,P=0. 01],higher ratio to need mechanical ventilation (6/6 vs. 4/10,P=0. 04),lower PaO2/FiO2[(73. 88 ±26. 95) mmHg vs. (167. 50 ± 97. 17) mmHg,1 mmHg=0. 133 kPa,P=0. 01] and lower pediatric critical illness score(75. 67 ± 5. 72 vs. 86. 40 ± 8. 88,P=0. 02). There were no differences on sex ratio,kinds of basic diseases,whether with co-infections,the time of immunosuppressant administration, the time from onset to diagnosis,the time from onset to beginning trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, PaCO2 ,white blood cell counts,lymphocyte counts,CD4+ cell counts,C-reactive protein,and hemoglobin con-centrations between the survival and non-survival group. Conclusion A higher age, need for mechanical ventilation,lower PaO2/FiO2 and lower pediatric critical illness score were risk factors for mortality in non-HIV infected children with PCP.

Objective To observe the local immue response and changes of angiogenic factors of tumor cells in Heps-bearing mice after mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) are administrated. And to explore the feasibility and safety of MSC for liver tumors therapy. Methods MSC were obtained through adherent culture method. Phe-notypes of MSC were analyzed by flow cytometry. MSC were labeled with DAPI in vitro. 54 Mice of 8 weeks of age with subcutaneously transplanted liver carcinomas were developed randomly. When the maximal diameters of the tumor reached 0.5 - 0.8cm, they were divided into three groups randomly: MSC group, DAPI group and NS control group. 2 × 10~6 MSC and MSC marked by DAPI were administrated into the mice right rear back tumor tissue. The survival time of the tumor-bearing mice was recorded and the mean survival time was calculated. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to count CD4~+ T cells and CD8~+ T cells in the local tumor,as well as to examine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) in tumor cells. Results In the MSC group,the mean survival time was 45 d (95%CI;33 ～56 d) ,in the NS control group, the mean survival time was 33 d ( 95%CI : 28 ～ 37 d). There was a statistical significance in the difference between them ( P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results showed as follow: the number of CD4~+ T cells and CD8~+ T cells in the MSC group decreased significantly in comparison with the NS control group at early stage. The expression of VEGF also decreased obviously in comparison with the NS control group and induced tumor cells necrosis at late stage. The survival time of MSC group was prolonged. Conclusion MSC can engraft in Heps-bearing tumor tissue, and inhibit T lymphocyte cellular immunity at early stage. It can reduce the number of CD4~+ T cells and CD8~+ T cells and promote tumor growth. MSC can down regulate VEGF expression and induce tumor cells necrosis at late stage. By this way,it can prolong the survival time of Heps-bearing mice.

Objective To study the efficacy and safety of oral calcium carbonate suspension and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in symptoms relief of acid related diseases.Methods The multi-center,randomized and controlled study was carried out.A total of 400 acid-related diseases patients from 14 to 70 years old with at least one of moderate or severe symptoms such as acid regurgitation,epigastric pain,epigastric discomfort,upper abdominal burning or distension were equally divided into two groups and treated with oral calcium carbonate suspension or omeprazole enteric-coated tablets.The onset of symptoms relief of all patients of the first time after taking medicine was observed.The relief of clinical symptoms at the third day and seventh day after taking medicine was also observed.The adverse events were recorded.Analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis.Results The onset of symptoms relief of oral calcium carbonate suspension group in acid regurgitation,epigastric pain,epigastric discomfort,upper abdominal burning or distension of the first time after taking medicine were significantly faster than those of PPI group (F=4.866,8.142,41.366,6.955,35.252; all P＜0.05).At the third day after taking medicine,the treatment efficiency of oral calcium carbonate suspension group and PPI group were 69.50％ and 72.50％,and at the seventh day the treatment efficiency of oral calcium carbonate suspension group and PPI group were 92.00％ and 96.50％.There was no significant difference in treatment efficiency and comprehensive efficacy between two groups at day three and seven after taking medicine (both P＞ 0.05).There were 14 cases of mild adverse events and two cases of moderate adverse events in oral calcium carbonate suspension group.There were 10 cases of mild adverse events in PPI group.There was no significant difference between two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Oral calcium carbonate suspension provides faster symptom relief than PPI and can effectively improve the symptoms of acid-related diseases.

With the widespread use of multi-slice spiral computed tomography(CT) and the increasing level of diagnosis and treatment,the incidence of pulmonary ground glass opacity(GGO) is increasing.The etiology of GGO is complex and the pathological types are diverse.In addition to benign lesions,GGO can be a specific type of lung adenocarcinoma or its invasive lesions.Some scholars think it is closely related to early lung adenocarcinoma.Histopathology of lung cancer is crucial for the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer.However,under normal circumstances,the pathology of the patient can be known by surgery,bronchoscopy or puncture.However,many patients may not have the pathological conditions for obtaining the pathological specimen.CT as the primary method of diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma,lung adenocarcinoma in the new classification,based on the lung GGO CT findings to determine its ability to provide a characteristic indicator of tumor histopathology in order to help GGO diagnosis and guidance of clinical treatment.

This paper presents the design and development of a set of microwave exposure system based on 1.8GHz mobile RF signal. This system can work on several modulation types to do microwave exposure experiment under different specific absorption rate (SAR) and prepare the way for researches in the effect exerted by the electromagnetic signal of mobile on human health. The hardware is made up of several RF instruments, waveguide and computer, and the software introduces the accomplishment of the control system and the algorithm of control.
Algorithms ; Cell Phone ; Computer Simulation ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Electromagnetic Fields ; adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Microwaves ; adverse effects ; Neurons ; radiation effects

Objective:To study the characteristics of intestinal tract pathological injury of rats in hypobaric hypoxia at different high altitude.Methods:30 male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:Plain group (n=6),High-altitude (HA) 5000 m for 10 day group(n=6),HA 5000 m for 21day group(n=6),HA 6500 m for 10day group(n=6),HA 6500 m for 21day group (n=6).Rats were raised normally either in plain or simulated high altitude environment,at the corresponding time point,rats were euthanized,small intestines were harvested,fixed tissues were processed routinely into paraffin and sections were stained routinely with hematoxylin and eosin.Morphologic parameters were measured by optical microscope and then the pathological injury score were evaluated.Results:The pathological injury scores ofjejunnm and ileum in the high altitude group were significantly higher than that of the plain group (P＜0.01),the pathological injury scores of jejunum,ileum and colon were significantly higher in the HA 5000 m for 21 day group than that of the HA 5000 m for 10 day group,but significant lower than that of the HA 6500 m for 21 day group,the pathological injury scores of jejunum,ileum and colon were significantly higher in the HA 6500 m for 10 day group than that of the HA 5000 m for 10 day group(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).The pathological injury scores of colon were significantly higher in the groups of the high altitude than the plain group except for the HA 5000 m for 10 day group (P＜0.01,P＜0.05).The pathological injury scores of jejunum had significant different with that of the colon in the HA 5000 m for 21 day group (P＜0.05);the pathological injury scores of both jejunum and ileum had significant different with that of the colon in the HA 6500 m for 21 day group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusions:The injuries of the intestinal mucosa became serious with the with rising altitude and the stayed time,the intestinal injuries were more serious than that of colon at same situation,however there were no significant different between jejunum and ileum,the injuries of colon happened later than intestine,and they correlated with the stay time in the high altitude,which indicated that intestinal injury should be pay more attention in the early time of entering the hypobaric hypoxia environment of the high altitude.

Objective: To explore sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor2 (RyR 2) expression and calcium releasing function in chronic heart failure (CHF) rabbits and to study the impact of long term valsartan treatment in relevant animals. Methods: HF model was established by volume overloading with pressure overloading in experimental rabbits. 27 rabbits were divided into 3 groups: Sham group, HF group and HF+valsartan group. n=9 in each group and the animals were treated for 7 weeks. Left ventricular structure, hemodynamic parameters, expression and functional changes of myocardiocyte sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR 2 were observed and compared among different groups. Results: Compared with Sham group, HF group had increased left ventricular mess index (LVMI), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and decreased left ventricular shortening fraction, LVEF, all P<0.05. Compared with HF group, HF+valsartan group showed decreased LVMI, LVEDP and increased left ventricular shortening fraction, LVEF, all P<0.05. Sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR 2 expression and calcium releasing function were lower in HF group than Sham group, P<0.05; while they were both higher in HF+valsartan group than HF group, P<0.05. Conclusion: Long term application of valsartan could improve the cardiac function which might be related to increased myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR 2 expression and calcium releasing function in experimental CHF rabbits.