BACKGROUND: Nano-hydroxyapatite has been widely used as reconstructive and prosthetic material for osseous tissue, owing to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. But, its brittleness is one of the most serious obstacles for its wider applications as load-bearing implants. Therefore, hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites have been widely studied as bone substitute, due to their excellent biocompatibUity and suitable mechanical properties.OBJECTIVE: To review various preparation methods of hydroxya patite/chitosan composites and the development trend in this field.METHODS: Articles were searched in Medline Database (1995-01/2009-03), VIP Database (1995-01/2009-03) and "qinghuatongfang" Database (1995-01/2009-03) with the keywords of "nano-hydroxyapatite, chitosan, preparation, development trend".RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Total 2 034 related articles were collected, including 1 634 in Chinese and 670 in English. Following excluding earilier published, duplicate, and similar studies, we brought into 37 sub-standard literatures. Hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite in nanometer size, with similar structure as natural bone, has better biological function compared with corresponding micrometer composite. Simultaneously, optimized material composition, structure and technology will obtain more suitable bone substitute in mechanical property compared with natural bone. This paper reviews preparation methods at home and abroad in recent years, with the rapid development of biological materials, hydroxyapatite compositematerials have been wisely used in bone tissue repair and replacement surgery, but its poor mechanical properties limits its clinical application.

It is purposed to analyze therapeutic effectiveness at community and designated hospitals for extensive influenza A H1N1 outbreaks at five universities in Qingdao,Shandong,east China during September 1 to 30,2009,including 28 confirmed cases,182 suspected cases and 136 close contacts treated at community health-care facilities,and 56 confirmed cases treated at designated hospitals.There was no significant difference in therapeutic effectiveness between community health-care facilities and designated hospitals (P ＞ 0.05).No new cases occurred seven days after their isolation was lifted for suspected cases and close contacts at community,indicating influenza A H1N1 could be prevented,controlled and cured and its mild cases could be treated at community health-care facilities.

Objective To observe the effects on and the possible mechanism of early exercise training underlying the mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Methods One hundred and twenty patients with acute ischemic stroke were randomized into two groups:an early exercise group (treated with exercise training,n =60) and a control group(no exercise training,n =60).Meanwhile,each group was divided into two different age groups (50-68 years group of 32 cases,＞ 68 years group of 28 cases in exercise group;50-68 years group of 29 cases,＞ 68 years of 31 cases in control group).The amount of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood was accounted by flow cytometry (FCM),while the level of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in blood serum was examined by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and modified Barthel index (MBI) were used to evaluate the patients at 1st day and 14th day after exercise.Results The amount of circulating progenitor cells after 14 days of exercise training in exercise group (from 27.93 ± 6.08/ml to 457.49 ± 73.02/ml)is higher than in control group(from 28.29 ± 5.93/ml to 81.87 ± 9.92/ml) (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group,the level of VEGF at 14th day of exercise group is significantly higher (P ＜ 0.01).The score of NIHSS,FMA,MBI were not significantly different between exercise group and control group (P ＜ 0.01).However,the score of NIHSS was decrease in both exercise group and control group after treatment.Furthermore,the amount of circulating progenitor cells was not significantly different between the age groups either in exercise group or control group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Early Exercise training may promote the mobilization of the circulating progenitor cells,which might be related to the increase of VEGF.The mobilization of the EPCs has no effect on the early neurological function after acute ischemic stroke.Age is not associated with the amount of circulating endothelial progenitor cells.

Objective To provide the objective evidence for reducing stat test turnaround time (TAT) reasonably through the comparative analysis of different intervals of stat test TAT between emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit (ICU ) . Methods Laboratory information system was used to collect data about blood cell analysis and biochemical profiles of department of emergency and ICU from 1st January to 31th March ,2014 ,then comparatively analyzing different intervals of stat test TAT be‐tween two departments .Results TAT outlier rates of stat CBC tests ordered by ED and ICU were 2 .4% and 15 .1% ,and that of stat biochemical profiles ordered by ED and ICU were 12 .3% and 24 .5% ,respectively .there were no significant differences in mean times between order‐to‐receipt of stat CBC tests and biochemical profiles ordered by ED and collection‐to‐receipt of stat CBC tests and biochemical profiles ordered by ICU [(11 .2 ± 4 .0) min vs .(11 .2 ± 4 .5) min ,P>0 .05 ;(13 .2 ± 14 .1)min vs .(13 .8 ± 9 .8) min ,P>0 .05] .ED had significantly shorter mean time of receipt‐to‐report than ICU for stat CBC tests and biochemical profile [(5 .8 ± 4 .4) min vs .(19 .3 ± 12 .5) min ,P<0 .01 ;(34 .4 ± 10 .9) min vs .(35 .5 ± 13 .2) min ,P>0 .01] .The TAT mean times of stat CBC tests and biochemical profiles ordered by ED were shorter than those ordered by ICU [(17 .0 ± 6 .2) min vs .(30 .5 ± 14 .9) min ,P<0 .01 ;(46 .9 ± 17 .2) min vs .(49 .3 ± 16 .5) min ,P<0 .01] .Conclusion The ED TATs for CBC tests and biochemical pro‐files are reasonably set ,and each interval of the ED TATs is well controlled .The ICU TATs for CBCs and biochemical profiles should be reset ,and the process of stat test for ICU should be optimized .

Objective To study the effect the edaravone on the expressions of ICAM-1,TNF-α after focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in male rats.Methods 45 male SD rats were selected and randomly assigned into 3 groups:sham operation group(SO),ischemia reperfusion group(I/R),and edaravone treatment group(ED),each group had 15 rats.The expression of ICAM-1,TNF-α were checked by immunohistochemistry.All data in the groups were analyzed with t test.Results The expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-α in the I/R group and ED group were higher than the SO group(t=21.919,27.758,26.576,17.395,32.821,43.021,14.195,31.828,21.201,10.195,25.768,17.900,all P＜0.05)at reperfusion 3 hours,6 hours,and 12 hours.The expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-α in the I/R group were higher than the ED group(t=9.623,13.845,7.201,11.313,all P＜0.05)at reperfusion 3 hours and 6 hours.Conclusion Edaravone may exert the neuroprotective effect against the cerebral ischemia in rats by decreasing the expression of ICAM-1 and inhibiting the activation of TNF-α.This process could inhibit free radical generation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel mutated recombinant tissue-type plas-minogen activator (rt-Pam) in a rat model of acute cerebral thrombosis. Method Eighty-seven adult Wister rats were randomly divided into control group, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) group, low dose of rt-Pam group and routine dose of rt-Pam group. The rats of different groups were treated for 3 hours after thrombosis of middle cerebral artery. The size of infarction, neurological scores and severity of hemorrhage were observed 24 hours after treatment. The protective role of rt-Pam in the brain tissue was evaluated as per the infiltration of neutrophils and the concentration of plasminogen activator receptor-1 (PAR-1). Results Compared with control group, the sizes of infarction in the low dose of rt-Pam group and routine dose of rt-Pam group were significantly smaller [(108.5 ±27.3) mm3 and (68.3 ±17.2) mm3 vs. (323.4 ±42.3) mm3]. The neurological scores were evidently correlated with the size of infarction (r = 0.613, P<0.001), while the liability of cerebral hemorrhage in low dose of rt-Pam group was not significantly increased. The rt-Pam also reduced the production of myeloperox-idase, as well as the production of PAR-1 in comparison with rt-PA group [(13.8 ± 3.1) vs. (28.3±4.5), P <0.00l]. Conclusions The novel rt-Pam could be a better thrombolytic agent than rt-PA in treating acute stroke.

Objective To develop a reverse genetics system for Hantaan virus (HTNV) 84FLi strain by using RNA polymerase [ (pol Ⅰ)-mediated transcription. Methods Complementary DNA (cDNA) containing the coding sequence for chloramphenicol acetyhransferase (CAT) was inserted into the 5'-and 3'-terminal untranslated regions of HTNV 84FLi L segment. These chimeric cDNAs (pol Ⅰ expression cassette) were cloned into plasmids and between the human pol Ⅰ promoter and terminator to generate sense and anti-sense RNA pol Ⅰ transcription reporter plasmids. The reporter plasmids were transfeeted into 293T cells or the 1:1 combination of 293T and HTNV infected Vero cells. These cells were cotransfected with expression plasmids encoding Ⅰ. (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) and N (nucleoprotein) viral proteins, Cells were harvested 48 h post-transfection and the CAT activity was detected. The 293T cells were infected with the supernatant to explore the passage ability of CAT activity. ResultsThe reporter plasmids pLvRNA-CAT and pLcRNA-CAT were constructed successfully. CAT activity was detected in transfected cells and could also be serially passaged in the rescued virus minigenomes. Conclusion The RNA polymerase ]-driven reverse genetics system successfully rescues HTNV 84FLi minigenomes.

OBJECTIVEThis study described the clinical, surgical, and radiographic findings of simple bone cysts.

METHODSA retrospective study was conducted for patients diagnosed with simple bone cysts in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University from March 2005 to March 2015. Clinical, radio-graphic, surgical, and follow-up data were gathered. Results were statistically analyzed by central tendency and dispersionusing SPSS 20.0 software.

RESULTSEleven cases of simple bone cysts were collected, including three male and eight female patients. Ten cases (90.9%) were asymptomatic and one case developed symptoms of swelling. All of the cases had no history of trauma in the affected area, and all were solitary; ten cases (90.9%) were unilocular, and one (9.1%) was multilocular.The shape of each lesion could be assigned to four categories: cone (3 cases), round (2 cases), oval (4 cases), and irregular (2 cases). The treatment in 10 cases consisted of surgery to explore the cavity and curettage of the bone walls. During surgery,the bone cavity in seven cases (70%) was vacant, whereas serous fluid was found in two cases (20%) and serous-bloody fluid in one case (10%). Of the ten cases, three cases exhibited complete bone healing and seven cases showed new bone formation.

CONCLUSIONSimple bone cysts of the jaws are usually asymptomatic and appear incidentally on routine radiographies. The prevalence is higher in the mandible and young people. The patient usually has no history of trauma, and the bone cavity of lesion is mostly vacant. Curettage of the bone walls of the lesion is suggested for simple bone cysts. Systemic clinical and radiologic follow-up are necessary to ensure successful treatment.

Bone Cysts ; Dental Caries ; Female ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Jaw Cysts ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Male ; Mandible ; Mandibular Diseases ; Radiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Software

Objective To investigate the mechanisms of astrocytes modulating neurons in rat supraoptic nucleus induced by hypotonic stimulation and the effect of 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide HCl(TAG,a antagonist for taurine) or carbenoxolone(CBX,a gap junction blocker)on the responses of astrocytes and neurons in SON.Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the control group was injected with 5.5ml/kg 0.9% NaCl solution into the caudal vein;the hypotonic group was injected with 5.5 ml/kg hypo-saline(0.83% glucose plus 0.3% NaCl);TAG + hypotonic and CBX + hypotonic groups were injected with TAG(100?mol/L) or CBX(10g/L) into the lateral ventricle respectively,and were injected 2 hours later with hypotonic saline into the caudal vein.With anti-Fos,anti-vasopressin(VP),anti-glycine receptor(GlyR),anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and anti-connexin43(Cx43) immunofluorescent staining methods,the responses of neurons and astrocytes in SON were studied.Results In control rats,Fos-,VP-,and GlyR-expression in the neurons and GFAP-or Cx43-expression in the astrocytes were lower.In hypotonic rats,GFAP-,Cx43-and GlyR signals were more than those in control rats,while Fos-and VP-signals were less.Compared with those in hypotonic rats in TAG + hypotonic or CBX + hypotonic rats,GFAP-and Cx43-signals in the astrocytes were the same,GlyR-signals in the neurons decreased,and Fos-and VP-signals increased.Conclusion Hypotonic stimulation activates SON astrocytes,which then release taurine through gap junction signaling to the neurons and inhibit the release of VP from the neurons.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of rosiglitazone on the expressions of nuclear factor-κB and matrix metalloprotease (MMP-9) in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in patients with coronary heart disease. Method This was a clinical case-control study. Forty-eight actue coronary symdrome (ACS) patients (ACS group), and 20 patients with stable angina (SA) (control group) were collected. They were performed coronary arteriography in the Department of Cardiology of the Second Xiangya Hospital from March to April in 2007. Exclusion criteria included acute infection, trauma or surgery patients within four weeks, cerebral vascular accident, liver and kidney dysfunction, cancer, and so on. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and transformed into MDMs with macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment. The transformed MDMs were randomly assigned into subgrougs and incubated with 0 /μmol/L, 1 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L of rosiglitazone respectively. The expressions of PPAR-γ mRNA, MMP-9 mRNA were determined by RT-PCR and nuclear factor-κB P65 (NF-KB P65) expression by immunohistochemistry. Multiple comparisons were examined for significant differences using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The basal expression of PPAR-y mRNA was lower, in contrast, the levels of NF-KB P65 and MMP-9 mRNA were higher in ACS group than control group. PPAR-γ mRNA expression were significantly upregulated in both ACS and control groups with rosiglitazone treatment. PPAR-γ mRNA expression was positive correlation, while the expressions of MMP-9 mRNA were negative correlation with the rosiglitazone concentration in the ACS group. Rosiglitazone inhibited the expression of NF-KB in a concentration-independent manner in ACS and control groups. Conclusions The expression of PPAR-y mRNA is inhibited, while the activity of NF-KB and expression of MMP-9 mRNA are enhanced in MDMs of ACS cases. Rosiglitazone intervention may inhibit NF-KB activity and MMP-9 expression by upregulation of PPAR-y expression in MDMS of patiens with ACS.