Objective:To observe effects of electroacupuncture at Jiaji(EX-B_2)on phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase(ERK)and neurokinin-1(NK-1)in dorsal horn of the complete Freund's adjuvant arthritis rat,so as to study possible mechanism of electroacupuncture analgesia from the point of view of signal conduction.Methods:Eighty Wistar adult male rats were randomly divided into normal control group,simple electroacupuncture(EA)group,model 30 min group,model 24h group,model 48 h group,EA 30min group,EA 24h group,and EA 48h group,10 rats in each group.Inflammatory pain rat model was established by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into left hindpaw.EA was given at bilateral L_3～L_5 Jiaji(EX-B_2).The pain threshold was determined and phosphorylated ERK and NK-1 expressions in the spinal cord were detected by immunohistochemical technique.Results:The pain threshold significantly decreased(all P

In order to strengthen the management of disinfection quality of endoscopes, Quality Control Center of Digestive Endoscopy and Nosocomial Infection Control Center of Yunnan Province investigated the diagnosis, treatment, cleaning and disinfection conditions and disinfection quality of digestive endoscopes in some medical institutions of Yunnan Province by web questionnaire from April to May in 2019, and 277 valid questionnaires were finally obtained. SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used to analyze the influencing factors of cleaning and disinfection process and the infection control implementation of digestive endoscopes in 227 secondary and tertiary hospitals. The results showed that the number of decontamination people who had received systematic training in Yunnan Province was significantly lower than that in other areas of China. The hospital level, the number of decontamination personnel, and decontamination methods affected the implementation of cleaning and decontamination process and infection control, while the allocation of decontamination supplies had no effects. It is important to establish an effective mechanism for the normalized implementation of cleaning and disinfection of digestive endoscopes.

Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on pregnant women after adjusting the iodine content in iodized salt in Hangzhou and provide a scientific basis for supplementation of iodine to pregnant women.Methods After adjusting the iodine content of salt from 2012 to 2014,proportional probability sampling method was used to select 300 families and 100 pregnant women from every county (area,city) of Hangzhou City,and the household salt and urine samples were collected to detect iodine.Results Totally 3 904,3 900 and 3 900 samples of household salts were collected with the medians of salt iodine concentration of 23.77,22.75 and 23.30 mg/kg of each year from 2012 to 2014,respectively.The qualified rate of iodized-salt was 95.87％ (3 550/3 703),97.04％ (3 510/3 617) and 96.53％ (3 564/3 692) and the consuming rate of qualified iodized salt was 90.92％ (3 550/3 904),90.01％ (3 510/3 900) and 91.38％ (3 564/3 900),respectively,from the year 2012 to 2014.Totally 1 300,1 217 and 1 315 urine samples of pregnant women were collected and the median of urinary iodine (MUI) of each year from 2012 to 2014 was 119.90,136.40 and 124.00 μg/L,respectively.Conclusion After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the salt iodine consumption levels of pregnant women's family are stable,but the level of urinary iodine is low,which should be pay attention to.

Objective To explore the epidemic trend of malaria in Jinan City so as to provide the evidence for improving the prevention and control of malaria. Methods The surveillance and annual report data of malaria were collected and analyzed epidemiologically in Jinan City from 1989 to 2013. Results The prevalence of malaria was low in Jinan City from 1989 to 2013. Totally 179 cases of malaria were reported and 14 cases 7.82% were locally infected and 165 cases 92.18% were imported. Conclusion Most malaria cases were imported since the disease was basically eliminated in Jinan City. The overseas workers from high prevalence areas of malaria should be well managed.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of thyroid disease in early pregnancy women of Hangzhou,and further to discuss the necessity of screening thyroid function in early pregnant women.Methods From March to October 2013,1 165 cases of women in the center of community health service (or health) for routine prenatal care during early pregnancy were used as research subjects.Household salt,fasting morning urine and serum samples were collected.The salt iodine level was measured by direct titration of sodium thiosulfate.The urinary iodine level was measured by arsenic-cerium contact process method.The levels of serum TSH,FT4,and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were measured by chemiluminescence method.Results The median of urinary iodine of the early pregnancy women was 135.2 μg/L,and only 26.7％ of early pregnancy women' s iodine-nutrition status were optimal.These were no significant difference in median urinary iodine as well as the frequency distribution between urban and suburban(P＞0.05).The abnormal rates of TSH and FT4 in early pregnancy women with negative TPOAb were 6.8％ (71/1 039) and 8.9％ (92/1 039),and the abnormal rates of TSH and FT4 in suburban areas were higher than those in urban areas(P=0.035,P =0.001).The prevalences of hypothyroidism,subclinical hypothyroidism,and hypothyroxinemia in early pregnant women of Hangzhou were 0.3％ (3/1 165),2.0％ (23/1 165),and 4.8％ (56/1 165) respectively,and the prevalence of hypothyroxinemia in suburban areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas (6.1％ vs 3.5％,P =0.040).The positive rate of TPOAb was 9.9％ (114/1 153).The early pregnant women with positive TPOAb have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction,the ratio of TSH over the reference values was significantly higher than that in the negative group and more prone to subclinical hypothyroidism (OR =3.34,95％ CI 1.29-8.65).Conclusion The early pregnant women in rural areas or with positive TPOAb have an increased risk of abnormal thyroid function,thyroid function and iodine nutrition screening or monitoring should be highlighted.

Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on 8-10 years old children after adjusting the iodine content in iodized salt in Hangzhou.Methods Twelve counties (areas,cities) were divided into urban,suburban and rural areas in Hangzhou.By population proportion survey (PPS),every county(area,city) was divided into east,west,south,north and middle districts; one school was selected in each district; forty children (half male and half female) aged 8-10 years old in each school were selected; family salt and urine samples of each student were collected.The levels of salt and urinary iodine were measured by picric sodium thiosulfate titrimetric (GB 13025.7-2012) and spectrophotometer method (WS/T 107-2006),respectively.Results Two thousand seven hundred and twenty-five household salt samples were collected.The median of salt iodine,the iodized salt coverage rate,the qualification rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 24.00 mg/kg,4.35％(2 571/2 725),91.02％(2 340/2 571) and 85.87％(2 340/2 725),respectively.The medians of salt iodine in urban,suburb and rural areas were 24.10,22.12,24.30 mg/kg,respectively.A total of 2 664 children urine samples were collected.The median of urinary iodine (MUI) of the children was 177.24 μg/L.The MUIs in urban,suburb and rural areas were 175.00,178.55,178.00 μg/L,respectively; in male was 183.00 μg/L and female was 170.50 μg/L.When non-iodized and unqualified iodized salt were taken,the differences of urinary iodine within groups were statistically significant in urban,suburb and rural areas(x2 =18.652,14.686,all P ＜ 0.05).In rural area,the difference of urinary iodine of 8-10 years old children who ingested different types of iodized salt was statistically significant(x2 =39.07,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the iodine-nutritional status of 8-10 years old students is at a appropriatelevel.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Hangzhou City from 2004 to 2021, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the post-elimination control strategy for malaria in Hangzhou City. Methods: The epidemic situation of malaria in Hangzhou City from 2004 to 2021 were collected from the National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in China, and the temporal, spatial and human distributions of malaria cases and the source of malaria infections were analyzed in Hangzhou City during the pre-elimination stage (2004 to 2009), the elimination stage (2010 to 2015) and the post-elimination stage (2016 to 2021). Results: Totally 602 malaria cases were reported in Hangzhou City from 2004 to 2021,and the annual mean incidence of malaria was 0.22/105, 0.20/105 and 0.18/105 during the pre-elimination, elimination and post-elimination stages, appearing a tendency towards a decline. Men accounted for 63.96%, 85.07% and 93.75% of all malaria cases and there were 67.86%, 82.84% and 80.00% of cases at ages of 18 to 50 years during the pre-elimination, elimination and post-elimination stages, both appearing a tendency towards a decline (χ2trend=56.748, P<0.001; χ2trend=39.971, P<0.001). The predominant occupation of malaria cases shifted from farmers or migrant workers to multiple occupations, and the proportion of commercial servants increased from 4.87% during the pre-elimination stage to 24.38% during the post-elimination stage (χ2trend=73.308, P<0.001). The proportion of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases reduced from 96.43% during the pre-elimination stage to 7.50% during the post-elimination stage, and the proportion of P. falciparum malaria cases increased from 3.57% to 71.25%, while P. ovale, P. malariae and mixed infections were identified since 2010. There was a significant season-specific incidence of P. vivax malaria during the pre-elimination stage, and the period between May and October was an epidemic season; however, there was no season-specific incidence of P. vivax malaria during the elimination and post-elimination stages. The regional distribution of malaria cases presented a tendency towards a shift from suburb and rural areas to urban areas (χ2trend=74.229, P<0.001). No local cases were detected in Hangzhou City since 2010, and 94.22% of malaria cases were overseas imported cases after malaria elimination, including 90.61% from Africa. Conclusions oung and middle-aged men were high-risk populations for malaria in Hangzhou City from 2004 to 2021, and overseas commercial servants gradually became the predominant source of malaria infections, with malaria parasite species tending to be diverse. Improving the management of overseas imported cases and timely identification and treatment of cases are major interventions to consolidate malaria elimination achievements in Hangzhou City.

Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on pregnant women before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt.Methods Twelve counties (areas,cities) in Hangzhou were divided into urban,suburban and rural areas before and after adjusting the iodine content of salt.One survey spot was selected in each district and one hundred pregnant women were selected;family salt and urinary samples of each pregnant woman were collected.The levels of salt and urinary iodine were measured by the methods of picric sodium thiosulfate titrimetric (GB 13025.7-2012) and spectrophotometer (WS/T 107-2006),respectively.Results One thousand two hundred and thirty-nine and one thousand two hundred and thirty-three household salt samples were collected before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt.The median of salt iodine of pregnant women (23.30 mg/kg) before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt was lower than that after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (30.09 mg/kg,x2 =-4.71,P ＜ 0.01).The iodine salt coverage rate and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [93.92％ (1 158/1 233),93.84％ (1 157/1 233)] were higher than those before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [91.85％ (1 138/1 239),91.37％ (1 132/1 239),x2 =4.01,5.51,all P ＜ 0.05].The iodine salt coverage rate and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in urban and suburb areas after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [99.42％ (510/513),100.00％ (203/203),97.86％ (5021513),100.00％ (203/203)] were higher than those before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [86.71％ (450/519),98.00％ (196/200),77.26％ (401/519),85.00％ (170/200)],but the iodine salt coverage rate and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in rural area before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [94.62％ (492/520),86.92％ (452/520)] were higher than those after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt [85.69％(443/517),76.98％ (398/517),x2=64.22,2.32,100.02,32.90,23.31,17.33,all P ＜ 0.05].One thousand two hundred and thirty-four and one thousand two hundred and thirty-one household urine samples were collected before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt.The median of urinary iodine (MUI,114.80 μg/L) of pregnant women after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt was lower than that before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (168.60 μg/L,x2 =36.92,P ＜ 0.01).The MUIs of pregnant women in urban,suburban,and rural areas (171.30,170.20 and 162.40 μg/L) before adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt were higher than those after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (101.00,149.48 and 119.90 μg/L,x2 =-7.78,-2.63,-6.28,all P ＜ 0.01).The differences of urinary iodine between groups were statistically significant in urban,suburban and rural areas after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt (x2 =32.86,P ＜ 0.01),the MUI of pregnant women in urban areas was lower than those in the suburban and rural areas (x2 =6.70,8.13,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the iodine-nutrition level of pregnant women is decreased.But the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt and the MUIs in urban,suburb,rural areas are different,so the coverage of iodized salt at household level needs to be enhanced and the health education should be highlighted.

Objective To explore the impact of iodine nutrition on children in areas with different iodized-salt covering rate after adjusting the iodine content in iodized salt in Hangzhou.Methods After adjusting the iodine content of salt,every county (area,city) of Hangzhou was divided into east,west,south,north and middle districts;one school was selected in each district,40 children aged 8-10 years old in each school were selected.The goiter rates of 8-10 years old students were examined (WS 276-2007).The family salt and urine samples of each student were collected.The levels of salt and urinary iodine were measured by picric sodium thiosulfate titrimetric (GB 13025.7-2012) and spectrophotometer method (WS/T 107-2006),respectively.Areas were classified according to the coverage rate of iodized salt ＜95％ and ≥95％,and their urinary iodine levels were compared.Results A total of 2 395 samples were collected with a median salt iodine concentration of 23.50 mg/kg and a urinary iodine level of 167.45 μg/L.The goiter rate of children 8-10 years old was 1.75％ (42/2 395).The total iodized-salt covering rate was 93.15％ (2 231/2 395) and the difference was statistically significant between different districts and towns (x2 =153.13,P ＜0.01),but the level was less than 95％ in 6 areas.The urinary median iodine was 151.00 μg/L in the areas where the iodized-salt covering rate was less than 95％,lower than 173.50 μg/L in the areas where the iodized-salt covering rate was more than or equal to 95％ (x2 =-5.28,P ＜0.01).Conclusions After adjusting the iodine content of salt in Hangzhou,the iodine-nutrition status of 8 to 10 years old students is optimal.But the urinary iodine levels are different in areas with different iodized-salt covering rates,so the coverage of iodized salt at household level need to be enhanced and the health education should be strengthen.

Objective To understand the epidemiological distribution and epidemic situation of brucellosis cases in Zhejiang Province in 2003 - 2012. Methods Questionnaires of confirmed brucellosis cases, annual reports of prevention and control work of brucellosis in the cities and monitoring points were collected and analyzed in 2003 - 2012. Population distribution, regional distribution, infection sources and routes of infection, aetiology and clinical symptoms and signs of the brucellosis cases were analyzed descriptively. Results A total of 323 brucellosis cases were reported in 2003 - 2012, the average annual incidence rate was 0.070/one hundred thousand, the incidence rate in 2012(0.190/one hundred thousand) was high. There were 272 people of the 323 brucellosis cases were from occupational populations, accounting for 84.21%(272/323); people worked in buying, slaughtering and trafficking of livestock products were majority of the cases, accounting for 65.02%(210/323); and unoccupational population was accounting for 15.79%(51/323). Regional distribution of brucellosis was gradually spreading; the average incidence rate of Shaoxing City was the highest ( 0 . 226/one hundred thousand ) . Three hundred patients were infected by sheep, accounting for 92.88%(300/323), and only 7.12%(23/323) of the patients were infected by cattle. Two hundred and eighty-seven acute phase patients of brucellosis were checked by blood culture, and thirty-nine Brucella melitensis strains and two Brucella abortus strains were detected. The chronicity survey of 120 confirmed cases of brucellosis were conducted, chronicity rate was 3.33%(4/120). Conclusions Trends in the epidemic situation of brucellosis in Zhejiang Province has continued to spread. The main source of infection is sheep from the North. Occupational populations are major populations at risk. The key of prevention and control is to strengthen the active monitoring of occupation personnel , health education and behavior intervention.