Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin is still the standard treatment for hepatitis C,but the efficacy is often restricted by adverse events.HCV genotypes,viral dynamics during early treatment and gene polymorphism may be useful in predicting the efficacy of antiviral treatment.Several strategies have emerged to improve outcomes including low accelerating dose regimen (LADR) and prevention of complications.Direct antiviral drugs have been already used for HCV genotype 1 patients,and demonstrated improved efficacy.Besides,inhibitors and vitamin D may also be applied in antiviral therapy to improve the efficacy.This article reviews efficacy predictors,standard therapy,strategies and research on new medicaments in antiviral treatment of hepatitis C.

Objective To investigate the effect of different explants on emodin contents in the callus of Polygouum cuspidatum by reverse-phase HPLC. Methods The leafs,stems and leaf stalks of Polygouum cuspidatum were used as explants and induce the callus by MS medium containing 6-BA 0.2 mg/L,KT 0.2 mg/Land 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L. The contents of emodin were analyzed by HPLC. The separation was performed on Diamonsil-C18 (250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) column,using methanol-0.1% H3PO4 (80∶20) as mobile phase,detected at 254 nm. The flow rate was at 1.0 mL/min,the column temperature was 27 ℃. Results The contents of emodin were 0.709 6,1.680 0 and 0.166 8 mg/g in the callus induced by leafs,stems and leaf stalks. The linear range of emodin was 0.25～5 ?g/mL,r=0.999 85,the average recovery was 101.19% and RSD was 1.20%. Conclusion HPLC method could be used for the contents determination of emodin in Polygouum cuspidatum callus and the contents of emodin was high in the callus induced by stems.

Objective To identify the cellular distribution of a my elin-associated protein (Nogo-A) in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice a nd explore its possible inhibition on the CNS axon regeneration after spinal cor d injury. Methods Brain, spinal cord, peripheral tissues and w eight-dropping injuried spinal cord from the adult C57BL/6 mice were studied. N ogo-A protein expression was localized immunohistochemically. Chick E12DRG neur ons were cultured and growth cone collapse assessed. Results N ogo-A protein expression detected was mainly in the oligodendrocyte cell body a nd the myelinated axons surrounded by cell processes rather than in the peripher al tissues. After spinal cord injury, Nogo-A was up-regulated at a moderate de gree in the area around the lesion. Chick E12 DRG growth cone collapse rate was as high as 70%, significantly higher than that in the blank control and vector control groups with a significant difference ( P

Objective To evaluate the levels of LDH in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with different types of central nervous sys‐tem diseases .Methods Cerebrospinal fluid LDH were detected by rate assay in control group and disease group(including patients with acute leukemia ,lymphoma ,brain neoplasms and meningitis) .Results In ptients with acute leukemia ,the cerebrospinal fluid LDH level of central nervous system leukemia(CNSL) group was (28 .68 ± 9 .29)U/L ,which was higher than that of non CNSL group ,and the difference were significance(P<0 .05) .In lymphoma patients ,cerebrospinal fluid LDH level of brain metastasis pa‐tients was (125 .20 ± 115 .24)U/L ,which was higher than that of lymphoma patients without brain metastasis ,the difference was significant(P<0 .05) .In patients with brain neoplasms ,cerebrospinal fluid LDH level of meningeal carcinomatosis group was (77 . 37 ± 128 .15)U/L ,which was higher than that of primary brain neoplasms group ,the difference was significant(P<0 .05) .In pa‐tients with meningitis ,cerebrospinal fluid LDH level of tuberculous meningitis group and purulent meningitis group patients were (54 .48 ± 84 .60U/L) and (43 .54 ± 32 .05)U/L respectively ,which were higher than those of viral meningitis group patients ,and the differences were significant (P<0 .05) .Conclusion LDH in cerebrospinal fluid can be used in early diagnosis of CNSL ,brain metastsisly of mphoma ,meningeal carcinomatosis and differential diagnosis of meningitis .

OBJECTIVE:To prepare redox-responsive pluronic F127 micelles with high drug-loading efficiency. METHODS:The thiol derivative F127-SH with strong hydrophobicity was synthesized by introducing tert-butyl methacrylate and cysteamine to the hydrophobic segments of F127. Paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded redox-responsive pluronic F127 micelles with high drug-loading effi-ciency(F127-SS/PTX)were prepared by film-hydration method as well as oxidation reaction of thiol groups. The diameter,encap-sulation efficiency and drug-loading amount were detected,and the change of diameter and drug release behavior of micelles were investaged under reducing environment or non-reducing environment. RESULTS:Mean diameter of F127-SS/PTX micelles was about(77.87±1.79)nm,and encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading amount were(92.73±2.35)% and(16.25±0.99)%,re-spectively. The diameter of the micelles increased rapidly and drug release rate of PTX increased significantly in the presence of 10 mmol/L dithiothreitol. CONCLUSIONS:The redox-responsive pluronic F127 micelles with high drug-loading efficiency are pre-pared successfully.

Objectives:To explore the effects of love resources and the lovers'resources equivalence on their romantic relationship quality.Methods:A sample of 203 pairs of lovers from 5 provinces and municipalities were selected(aged from 15 to 29).They were assessed with the Evaluation Form of Love Resources for Individual(EFL-RI)and the Scale of Relationship Perception Index for Unmarried People(RPUS)for the evaluation of the relation-ship between the love resource equivalence and the romantic relationship quality.The EFLRI was used to quantify the 12 individual love resources (the appearance of individual,stature,sexual health,health,personality,mental health,sense of responsibility,capacity,professional/occupation,education background,earning and family back-ground).The results included self-evaluation and peer-evaluation.Results:Self-assessment of responsibility between lovers and D-value of mental health were negatively correlated with the reported RPUS scores of both sides (r =-0.20 --0.33,Ps <0.05).The D-values of earning and family background were positively correlated with the re-ported RPUS scores of both sides (r =0.14 -0.25,Ps <0.05).Lovers'peer-evaluation of sexual health scores and the D-values of responsibility were negatively correlated with the reported RPUS scores of both sides (r =-0.25 --0.38,Ps <0.01.The D-values of professional/occupation and family background were positively correlated with the reported RPUS scores of males (r =0.20,0.18,Ps <0.05).Love resources(responsibility,sexual health,educa-tion background of males;appearance,personality,capacity of females )had positive predictability to males'repor-ted RPUS scores (β=0.14 -0.34),love resources(responsibility,appearance,personality,capacity,health of males and health,education background of females )had positive predictability to females'reported RPUS scores (β=0.14 -0.27).Conclusion:It suggests that the equivalence of responsibility resource has a positive influence for the quality of love relationship.The equivalence of family background resource has a negative effect for the quality of love relationship.

ObjectiveTo study the application of retinal tomography in primary open angle glaucoma diagnosis.MethodsThe differences between POAG, high myopia with suspected glaucoma and normal volunteers on the rim area, rim volume and the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in quadrants under Heideberg retinal tomography-Ⅱ(HRT-Ⅱ) were analyzed.ResultsIn the cases of POAG and high myopia with suspected glaucoma, the values of rim area, rim volume and RNFL thickness were significantly lower than that in normal group.ConclusionRetinal tomography can be used in the diagnosis of POAG.

Objective To investigate the effects of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages and its molecular mechanisms. Methods RAW264.7 macrophages were culturedin vitro. Inflammatory cell model was constructed by LPS stimulation. Cells were challenged by LPS (1, 10, 100 and 500μg/L) for 5 hours or 100μg/L LPS for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, and the release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The location of α7nAChR was examined in RAW264.7 macrophages by immunofluorescence. Then the cell proliferation and toxicity kit (CCK-8) was used to detect 1, 10, 100, 1000μmol/L GTS-21, a α7nAchR agonist, on the cell viability after LPS stimulation. ELISA was used to detect 1, 10, 100, 1000μmol/L GTS-21 on the levels of TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) after LPS stimulation. Cells were challenged with 100μg/L LPS and 100μmol/L GTS-21, then, the level of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was detected by Western Blot and the intracellular location of HMGB1 and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) was tested by immunofluorescence.Results LPS increased the level of TNF-α to a peak at the concentration of 100μg/L and at 24 hours after stimulation. Theα7nAChR expressed on the macrophages. The cell viability was decreased in a dose-dependent manner [(96.2±1.0)%, (92.0±1.1)% vs. (86.5±2.2)%, bothP < 0.05]. Compared with the control group, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1βin the supernatant of LPS group were significantly increased [TNF-α (ng/L): 453.0±60.6 vs. 100.8±3.2, IL-1β(μg/L): 8.21±0.31 vs. 0.87±0.16, bothP < 0.05]. TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased by 10μmol/L and 100μmol/L GTS-21 in a dose-dependent manner [TNF-α (ng/L): 227.5±17.5, 81.0±8.8 vs. 453.0±60.6;IL-1β (μg/L): 4.86±0.72, 2.32±0.45 vs. 8.21±0.31, allP < 0.05]. GTS-21 significantly reduced the expression of HMGB1 which was induced by LPS management (gray value: 0.788±0.130 vs. 2.061±0.330,P < 0.05) and reversed LPS-induced HMGB1 cytoplasmic transfer. GTS-21 also reversed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Conclusion GTS-21 reduces the inflammatory response via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.

Objective To investigate the effect of matrix metalloproteinas-9 (MMP-9) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with coronary heart disease(CHD). Methods Thirty-one patients with T2DM combined with CHD(T2DM combined with CHD group) ,50 patients with CHD (CHD group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) were studied. Serum MMP-9 was measured by ELISA, and serum hs-CRP was measured by scattering immunoturbidimetric assay. Results The level of MMP-9 in T2DM combined with CHD group (409.62 μg/L) was significantly higher than that in CHD group (263.40 μg/L) and control group [(196.15 ±44.89) μg/L] (P < 0.05).The level of hs-CRP in T2DM combined with CHD group (17.20 mg/L) was significantly higher than that in CHD group (4.57 mg/L) and control group [(1.52±0.78) mg/L] (P <0.01). MMP-9 wa significantly related with hs-CRP in T2DM combined with C HD group (r = 0.482,P < 0.01). Conclusion The serum M MP-9 and hs-CRP levels are closely associated with the occurrence and development of diabetes related coronary atherosclerosis.

Objective:To explore the effect of infection on autophagy-related proteins,Beclin-1 and LC3,expression in cerebral white matter in newborn rats.Methods: A total of 64 two-day-old Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups(n=32 each).At day 2 to 6 after birth,the rats in experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.6 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) once a day to establish a white matter injury induced by infection in neonatal rats while the rats in control group were injected with equal amounts of normal saline.Rats were sacrificed to collect brain tissues at 12 hour,1,3,5 d after model establishment.HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes.Changes in the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in rat white matter were examined by Western blot and RT-PCR.Results: Growth and development of rat in experimental group was slow,cerebral white matter lesions were obvious.Compared with the control group,the experimental group Beclin1 and LC3 protein and mRNA levels in the model after 12 h began to express,1 d reached the peak,and then decreased,each time points were higher than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion: Early infection in neonatal rats can cause white matter damage;the expression of autophagy-related proteins,Beclin1 and LC3,showed that autophagy may be involved in the pathological process of white matter damage induced by infection.