Objective Some experimental results indicated that cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) was involved in the regulatory process of balance between cell apoptosis and multiplication. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of COX 2 on the course of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis and its possible signal pathway. Methods Apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells (PC 3, highly expressed COX 2) induced by selective COX 2 inhibitor, Celebrex (IC 50 , 100 ?mol), was detected by using DNA gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Expressions of apoptotic related genes mRNA, including bcl xl, bax, Survivin, were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Results Substantial apoptosis was induced by the treating PC 3 cells with Celebrex, as revealed by typical ladder pattern of DNA fragments under DNA electrophoresis, increment of apoptotic apportion, and apoptotic body under electron microscopy. Apoptotic inhibitory genes, bcl xl, bax, Survivin, were expressed in PC 3 cells, and were down regulated significantly by Celebrex in bcl xl and Survivin but not for bax. Conclusion Above findings suggest that the COX 2 pathway contributes to the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cell, which may be via signal transduction of bcl xl and Survivin genes.

Objective This study was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) on cell apoptosis of intestinal epithelium in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) rats.Methods Seventy-two SD rats were divided into three groups randomly: sham operation (SO) group, ANP group, and GH treatment group. GH-treatment group received subcutaneously 0 75?U/kg of GH. At 3?h, 6?h, 12?h, and 24 ?h after induction of ANP, the small intestinal specimens were harvested and apoptosis of intestinal epithelium was studied by DNA gel electrophoresis, FCM and TUNEL method. FasL and Bax protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe ladder pattern on DNA gel electrophoresis presented in all time points of ANP group, but only seen in GH-treated group at 3h. Apoptotic percentage significantly increased in ANP group [(50?11)%,(80?9)%,(48?17)%,(50?10)%] as compared with SO group [(54?4)%, (28?6)%, (39?5)%,(29?11)%], all P

Objective To investigate the deleterious effects of enterogenous endotoxemia on the course of acute pancreatitis in mice, and its possible mechanisms. Methods Sixty five C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 4 groups randomly, including acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP), lipopolysacchride (LPS), AEP plus LPS and normal control. AEP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein with a dosage of 50 ?g/kg at hourly interval for seven times under ether anesthesia. LPS was administrated via a gastric tube with a dosage of 5 mg/kg at 6 h after the first cerulein or saline injection. Serum amylase and LDH activities were measured at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 5 d. Pathological alteration in pancreas was studied. Expressions of Mac 1 (CD11b/CD18), P selectin, E selectin and ICAM 1 were evaluated by using inmmunohistochemical procedures. Expressions of cytokine genes were determined by means of RT PCR and Southern blot. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in pancreas was also analyzed. Results Cerulein induced a typical changes of AEP in mice, which was confirmed by pathological changes and hyperamylasemia. LPS alone didn't develop either morphological changes or biochemical alterations. However, cerulein induced AEP challenged by LPS could cause marked parenchymal necrosis and hemorrhage with significant increment of serum amylase and LDH activities. Expressions of Mac 1, P selectin, E selectin and ICAM 1 in pancreas were enhanced. Cytokine genes including TNF?,IL 1?,IL 6 and IFN? mRNA were also upregulated. MPO activity was increased. Conclusion This study suggested that enterogenous endotoxemia, which could not induce pancreatic injury per se , could induce AEP into ANP in mice. Over stimulation of neutrophils and releasing of pro inflammatory mediators might be the contributing factors.

Objective To investigate whether apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells occurs at the early stage of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in rats. Methods Fourty eight Spraque Dawley rats were used. ANP model of rats was induced by retro injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into biliopancreatic duct. Laparotomized animals without induction of ANP (sham operation) served as controls. The distal segment of ileum specimens were harvested at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after operation and the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells was studied by DNA gel electrophoresis, FITC conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining cells analyzed by Flow Cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemical procedures (TUNEL method). Results The DNA electrophoresis showed that typical “ladder” patterns appeared at all indicated time points in ANP group, while the DNA specimens from control group presented a single chromosomal lane, except the one at 12 h. Apoptotic percentage of detached intestinal epithelial cells assayed using Annexin V kit by FCM were (53.7?3.7)%, (27.6?6.0)%, (39.0?4.8)%, (29.0?11.3)% at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h in control group and (50.3?11.3)%, (79.7?9.2)%, (47.8?17.3)%, (49.6?9.5)% in ANP group. There was a significant difference between two groups at 6 h, P

Objective To investigate the expression and polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and their association with acute hyperlipidemic pancreatitis(HLP). Methods A total of 120 patients Were assigned to HLP group (n=20), acute pancreatitis (AP) group (n=50) and control group (n= 50). Serum levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Ch), free fatty acid (FFA), lipoprotein and apolipoprotein and serum LPL/HL activities were determined. The mRNA expressions of LPL/HL and LPL gene intron 8 polymorphisms were detected by RT-PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Results The serum levels of TG, Ch, FFA and ApoE were significantly higher in HLP group than those in AP group and control group (P<0.05). The serum level of HDL was lower in HLP group than that in AP group and control group(P<0.05). The serum LPL/HL activities were significantly higher in HLP group than that in AP and control groups. The expression of LPL mRNA was up-regulated and intron 8 Hind Ⅲ H2 allele frequency was significantly inereased in the HLP group compared to control group(0.90/0.72, P<0.05). H1 allele frequency was significantly decreased in the HLP and AP groups compared to control group(0.10/0.28 and 0.14/0.28, respectively). Conclusions The high allele frequency of LPL gene intron 8 Hind H2 result in the increase of activities and expression of LPL mRNA, which exacerbate the development of HLP through changing TG metabolism such as FFA accumulation.

Objective To investigate the effect of pancreatic stellate cells on invasion and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cell AsPC-1,and to determine the role of SDF-1 in this process.Methods PSCs were routinely isolated and cultured,and PSCs conditioned media(PSC-CM) was collected and concentrated.Different concentrations of PSC-CM,anti SDF-1 and their combination were used to treat AsPC-1 cells,and MTT assay was applied to detect the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells.Transwell chamber migration assay was employed to detect the migration of AsPC-1 cells.In vitro invasion assay was used to determine the invasion of AsPC-1 cells.Results A490 values of AsPC-1 cell in control group and 0.25,0.5,1 μg/lμl PSCCM group were 0.437 ±0.041,0.472 ±0.048,0.553 ±0.057,0.690 ±0.051,and PSC-CM promoted cell proliferation in a dose dependant manner.The difference between 0.5,1 μg/μl PSC-CM group and control group,and between 1 μg/l and 0.5 μg/μl PSC-CM group was statistically significant (P＜0.05).A490 values of control group,anti SDF-1 group,PSC-CM group and PSC-CM ± anti SDF-1 group were 0.407 ±0.028,0.416 ±0.030,0.629 ±0.048,0.481 ±0.049.The numbers of penetrating cells were 35.3 ±7.1,34.8±5.6,140.9 ± 12.7,56.5±5.9,and the numbers of invasive cells were 27.1 ±2.9,29.1 ±4.2,81.5 ±8.2,46.4 ± 4.4.The difference between anti SDF-1 group and control group was not statistically significant.The proliferation,migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in PSC-CM group was significantly higher than those of control group (P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01).The proliferation,migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in PSC-CM ± anti SDF-1 group was significantly lower than those of PSC-CM group,but they were significantly higher than those of control group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions PSCs can promote proliferation,migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1,and the mechanism may be partly due to SDF-1/CXCR4 receptor ligand axis.

Objective To investigate the influence of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)/Hepatic lipase (HL) on hyperlipidemie acute necrotizing pancreatitis (HLANP) in rats. Methods The rats were fed with hyperlipidemic feed for 4 weeks, then the rats were injected with 5% sodium taurocholate into pancreatic duct to induce HLANP model. Seventy-two rats were randomly assigned to HLANP and control groups, and then each group was subdivided into 6 subgroups (n = 6) at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Serum amylase, cholesterol, triglyeride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA) levels and serum LPL, HI. activities were determined. Under the light-microscopy and electron microscopy, the histopathologic and uhrastructure changes of pancreas were observed; the HL mRNA expressions were detected by RT-PCR; HL protein expressions HL were assessed by immunohistoehemical staining. Results The serum amylase levels reached peak values at 12 h after ANP induction in the two groups, the mean values were 7 176U/L and 6 366U/L, which were significantly higher than those of baseline values (P <0.05) ; serum levels of cholesterol in HLANP group at 0 ～ 12 h were higher than those of control group, however, only at 0 h the difference (1.19±0.49 vs 0. 32±0.14 mmol/L) was significant (P < 0.05) ; serum levels of FFA in HLANP group were not significantly different when compared with those of control group; serum levels of LPL and HL at 3 h were (17.5±7) U/L and (18.6±3.9) U/L, which were significantly higher than those of control group (8.9±3.4 U/L and 9.5±2. 1 U/L, P < 0.05). The pancreatic tissues necrosis levels were significantly increased in HLANP groups (3, 6, 24 and 48 h) than those of control group at corresponding time points (P < 0.05). lipid droplet deposition, rough endoplasmic reticulum distension, zymogen granule reduction, and chondriosome swelling in acinar cells of pancreatic tissues in HLANP group were found. The HI, mRNA expressions at 3 h and 6 h in HLANP group were 1.1±0.09 and 0.89±0.08, which were significantly higher than those in control group (0. 11 ± 0.01 and 0.15±0. 03, P <0.05). HL proteins were positively expressed in pancreatic tissues of two groups before ANP was induced, and HL proteins were strongly positively expressed after ANP induction. Conclusions Lipase (LPL/HL) expression increased in HLANP rats, and the content of serum protein increased, which resulted in lipids decomposition and increased the severity of ANP. LPL/HL may be one of the key lipids metabolic enzymes aggravating HLANP.

Objective To investigate the effects of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2- arachidonoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OXPAPC)in LPS signal pathway and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).Methods Eighty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:ANP group and ANP treat with OXPAPC group.ANP model was induced by injecting sodium taurocholate(5%)into pancreatic duct OXPAPC group was administered with OXPAPC at 0 hours and 6 hours after model establishment.Twenty rats from each group were separated to observe mortality.The others were killed at 12 hours,24 hours,48 hours and 72 hours respectively to detect serum levels of amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).Severity of pancreatitis was evaluated by histological score system.The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO)in pancreas was determined by zymohistochemistry.Inflammatory factors mRNA hours after treated with OXPAPC were studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCP.Intracellular proteinase were investigated by western blot.EMSA was used to testify the activity of transcriptional factors.Results The mortality in OXPAPC group was significantly than that in ANP group. Serum amylase and LDH levels at significanfiy decreased the 12 hours and 24 hours after treated with OXPAPC.Histologically,OXPAPC reduced the severity of pancreatic injury including inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis at 12 hours,24 hours,and 48 hours.There was a significant decrease of MPO activity in OXPAPC group compared to ANP group.Levels of inflammatory factors mRNA were reduced in OXPAPC group.Intracellular proteinase were down-regulated in OXPAPC group.EMSA showed that the activity of transcriptional factors weakened.Conclusion OXPAPC can block LPS signal pathway,so it can decrease the severity of ANP.

AIM To investigate the effects and possible mechanism s of Glycyrrhizin on rat pancreatic fibrosis induced by TNBS (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, TNBS ). METHODS Chronic pancreatitis model was induced in male Sprague -Dawley rats by injection of 2% TNBS into bile duct. All the rats were randomly divided into two groups. The rats in Glycyrrhizin intervention group were treat ed with Glycyrrhizin 8 mg?kg -1 by injection into tail vein from day 3 to day 28, while the rats in control group were administrated with same volume of saline vehicle. Ten rats in the Glycyrrhizin intervention group and eight rats in the control group wer e sacrificed on day 29, the blood was collected to determine amylase and hyaluro nic acid by enzyme dynamic and RIA method. The histological change of pancreatic tissue was evaluated by H&E stain and modified Van-Gieson stain. Mast cell in pancreas was stained by thionine blue. Expression of TGF-? 1,Collagen Ⅰ and ?-SMA in pancreas were assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot. RESULTS In the Glycyrrhizin intervention group, the mast cell number and the percentage of degranulation decreased significantly, and the expression of ?-SMA protein also decreased compared to the control group, but there was no difference in amylase or hyaluronic acid between the treatment group and the control group. In the Glycyrrhizin intervention group, inflammation and fibrosis were ameliorated and expression of collageⅠ and TGF-? 1 was also decreased significantly compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Glycyrrhizin inhibits pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis rats induced by TNBS. This action might be related to protecting pancreatic acinus cells from being destructed by mast cell activation and inhibiting extracellular matrix synthesis stimulated by pancreatic stellate cell.

The etiology and pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease(CD)are not fully clear,and genetic susceptibility, immunologic disorder,intestinal barrier dysfunction and intestinal microecology are considered to be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of CD. In recent years,the relationship between intestinal microecology and CD has received much attention. Several studies confirmed that the intestinal microecology in CD patients was different from that in normal person. The change of intestinal microecology was correlated with the occurrence of CD,and modulation of intestinal flora was effective in the treatment of CD. This article reviewed the relationship between intestinal microecology and CD and the therapeutic prospect of intestinal microecology for the treatment of CD.