Objective: To analyze the infection characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Hangzhou City, so as to provide the reference for effective AIDS intervention. Methods: Newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Hangzhou City in 2022 were recruited. Demographic information, HIV testing status, infection routes and sexual behaviors were collected using questionnaire surveys. Blood samples were collected before antiviral treatment, and HIV-1 pol gene sequences were detected to construct molecular transmission networks. The characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases, including infection routes, time, and location were analyzed. Factors affecting infection time and location among HIV/AIDS cases were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1 007 HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Hangzhou City in 2022, with 907 cases (90.07%) completing questionnaire surveys. Among them, 833 were males (91.84%), and 532 had out-of-province household registrations (58.65%). Ninety-one molecular transmission networks were established, and 276 cases were involved, with homosexual contact as the main infection route (199 cases, 72.10%). There were 311 recently infected cases (35.34%) and 569 previously infected cases (64.66%) among 880 cases whose infection time could be determined. There were 531 locally infected. cases (70.24%) and 225 imported cases (29.76%) among 756 cases whose infection location could be determined. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the HIV/AIDS cases who were identified through voluntary counseling and testing (OR=1.826, 95%CI: 1.055-3.175) and sought sexual partners through homosexual dating apps (OR=2.461, 95%CI: 1.193-5.234) were more likely to be recently infected; the cases who lived in Hangzhou City for more than one year (>1 to 5 years, OR=2.853, 95%CI: 1.552-5.358; >5 years, OR=3.534, 95%CI: 1.382-9.804), sought sexual partners through entertainment venues (OR=3.449, 95%CI: 1.390-8.935), online/social apps (OR=2.416, 95%CI: 1.084-5.488) and homosexual dating apps (OR=3.734, 95%CI: 1.677-8.493) were more likely to be locally infected; student cases were more likely to be infected outside Hangzhou City (OR=0.115, 95%CI: 0.019-0.525). Conclusions The newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Hangzhou City in 2022 were primarily infected through homosexual contact, previously and locally. Seeking sexual partners through homosexual dating apps is an important influencing factor for recent and local infections, highlighting the need for strengthening traceback investigations of related cases.

Objective:To investigate the effects of educational level on smoking cessation in patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence, explore effective individualized smoking cessation methods, and increase smoking cessation rate.Methods:A total of 480 patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence who were willing to quit smoking and received treatment in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital from January to December 2020 were included in this study. They were divided into four groups ( n = 120/group) according to their educational level: group A (elementary school and below), group B (junior high school and senior high school), group C (technical secondary school or college), and group D (university and above). All patients were randomly assigned to undergo "5A" intervention alone or "5A" intervention combined with varenicline intervention (combined intervention). Patients' awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoking was compared among the four groups. The smoking cessation rate measured at different time points was compared between different intervention strategies. Results:The scores of health risk of tobacco smoking in groups D, C, B, and A were (806.5 ± 35.7) points, (710.8 ± 26.2) points, (643.6 ± 43.4) points, and (512.4 ± 30.1) points, respectively. Patients with high education levels had high awareness of the health risk of tobacco smoking ( F = 1 543.26, P < 0.001). At 1, 3, and 6 months, the smoking cessation rate of combined intervention was higher than that of "5A" intervention alone in each group (group A: χ2 = 3.85, 4.23, 4.10, group B: χ2 = 4.30, 4.09, 4.60, group C: χ2 = 6.81, 4.30, 4.03, group D: χ2 = 6.71, 6.51, 4.73, all P < 0.05). The smoking cessation rate after 6 months of "5A" intervention alone or combined intervention in group D was 60.0% and 78.3% respectively, which were significantly higher than 41.7% and 60.0% in group C, 23.3% and 41.7% in group B, and 20.0% and 36.7% in group A ( χ2 = 26.59, 26.12, both P < 0.001). At different time points, the smoking cessation rates of the "5A" intervention alone in group D were significantly higher than those of combined intervention in groups A and B ( χ2 = 9.25, 25.04, 7.29, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoking is related to a patient's educational level, and affects smoking cessation. Individualized smoking cessation interventions based on a patient's educational level can increase the rate of smoking cessation.

Objective:Pulse oximetry plethysmographic (POP) waveform to indicate the patient's perfusion status and the quality of resuscitation has been affirmed. The POP waveform is obtained by a non-invasive monitoring method, and its clinical feasibility during CPR is better than that of invasive monitoring technologies. This study aimed to analyze the three parameters derived from POP waveform: CPR quality index (CQI), perfusion index (PI), and chest compression fraction (CCF) in evaluating the CPR quality and ROSC possibility.Methods:A prospective descriptive study was conducted on 74 CPR patients who were divided into the ROSC group and non-ROSC group according to their resuscitation results. The clinical data were extracted from patient monitor, the distribution and changes of the three parameters during CPR were collected, and their value of evaluating resuscitation outcome were analyzed.Results:At the end stage of resuscitation, there were statistically significant differences in the three parameters between the two groups ( P<0.05). In addition, CQI was significantly more capable in evaluating the possibility of ROSC than PI and CCF ( P<0.05). Conclusions:CQI, PI and CCF derived from POP waveform can all be applied to evaluate CPR quality and ROSC possibility. CQI has higher prognosis value than PI and CCF.

A 3-week practice-oriented training course on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management was conducted in December 2020, 34 primary care physicians from township or community health service centers attended the course. The impact of the training course on the knowledge levels of COPD management was evaluated with a questionnaire survey, the questionnaire contained the knowledge of COPD and its management. The survey showed that before the training, the participants had low knowledge levels on the definition of COPD and its risk factors; 67.6% (23/34) were not aware of COPD-related guidelines and new developments, and 17.6%(6/34) had conducted COPD follow-up assessments, pulmonary rehabilitation, and health education; only 8.8% (3/34) had used the improved British Medical Research Council Dyspnea Index (mMRC) and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) for patient self-assessment; there was no pulmonary function instrument in their units, and only 3 doctors (8.8%) had previously participated in pulmonary function training and knew indications and contraindications of the pulmonary function test, and complete report interpretation; all participants were unable to use common inhalation devices and master inhalation techniques completely and correctly; 11.8% (4/34) had assessed patients′ handling inhalation devices and performing inhalation. After the training, the knowledge levels of COPD clinical features, lung function and inhalation technique were significantly improved, and the scores were significantly increased compared with those before the training ( P<0.001). The study shows that primary care physicians have insufficient knowledge and management skill of COPD. The practice-oriented training can significantly improve the knowledge and skills of primary care physician for COPD management in the community.

Water is an important component in liquid medical device products for human assisted reproductive technology. Water traits, conductivity, microbial limits, total organic carbon, easy oxides, heavy metal content, bacterial endotoxin and other indicators have an important impact on sperm, egg and embryo development in vitro, so for such products, the quality of water control is extremely important. The production water for producing such products is generally prepared by MilliQ purification system. In this research, we used four different types of water to fabricate the IVF liquids. It included deionized reverse osmosis water, ultra purified water and ultra purified water without endotoxin or nucleic acid, and compared with tap water. The in vitro rat embryo test system was used to study the embryotoxicity of this four different culture liquid production waters. From the result, the group of the super purified water without endotoxin and nucleic acid has the best result of the embryo formation rate, the number of total cell number and the inner cell number. This study proved the importance of removing endotoxin and nucleic acid from the water used for the preparation of the liquid products for assisted reproduction, and provided the basis for the selection of water quality for the liquid products for assisted reproduction.
Animals ; Embryonic Development ; Equipment Contamination ; Fertilization in Vitro/instrumentation* ; Humans ; Rats ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Research ; Technology ; Water

Objective: To study the effect of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 11-silenced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on bone regeneration in early steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats. Methods: After GDF11 expression in BMSCs was inhibited by siRNA, the knockdown efficiency and transfection cytotoxicity were detected. The further experiments both in vitro (n=3) and in vivo (n=8) were divided into 4 groups respectively: blank control group (without any intervention), model group (glucocorticoid treatment), experimental group (siRNA transfection and glucocorticoid treatment) and negative control group (negative control transfection and glucocorticoid treatment). The BMSCs were induced into osteogenic differentiation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were applied to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation ability of the cells while reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect the relative expression levels of osteogenic markers. The osteogenesis in the necrotic femoral head was evaluated by microCT, H&E staining, immunohistochemistry staining and biomechanical test. Results: No transfection cytotoxicity was found (P>0.05). The ALP staining and alizarin red staining showed that the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in the experimental group was better than that in the model group. At the level of mRNA, the relative expression of ALP, runt-related transcription factor (Runx) 2, osteocalcin (OCN) and type Ⅰ collagen (α1) (COL1A1) in the blank control group (1.00±0.09, 1.02±0.23, 1.03±0.30 and 1.02±0.25, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the model group (0.46±0.11, 0.50±0.11, 0.35±0.01 and 0.57±0.02, respectively) but significantly lower than those in the experimental group (1.97±0.30, 0.94±0.19, 1.50±0.18 and 1.28±0.37) (all P<0.05). MicroCT images and quantitative analysis showed that the bone mass in the experimental group was significantly increased compared with the model group (P<0.05). Histological examination showed better bone regeneration and higher expression of Runx2 and COL1 in the necrotic femoral head in the experimental group than in the model group. Improved biomechanical properties were shown in the experimental group compared with the model group (P<0.05). Conclusions Silence of GDF11 expression may alleviate the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Early transplantation of GDF11-silenced BMSCs may promote osteogenesis in the necrotic femoral head in rats.

The atmospheric particulate matter(PM) is widely regarded as one of major environmentally and unfriendly ambient air pollution, and therein PM2.5 (diameter≤2.5 μm) is most closely related to human health.Because of its smaller diameter with longer suspension duration, PM can absorb many pathogenic microorganisms, and easily enter into the deep of airway and then deposit on the bronchus and alveoli, and it brings damage to the lung tissues and the surfactant proteins.PM can give rise to oxidative stress, inflammation response, cells and DNA damage.Now, this review focuses on the characterization and composition of PM, as well as the impact of PM2.5 on the lung, surfactant proteins and human health, which helps to call for more people to pay attention to this environmental issue in order to better mitigate and prevent the damage caused by PM.

Objective To explore the molecular genetic characteristics of primary and recurrent glioblastomas (GBMs) from the same patient in vivo, primary glioma stem cells cultured in vitro, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX). Methods (1) The primary and recurrent GBM specimens from one patient during surgical resection were collected; and the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin and Ki-67 were detected by immunohistochemical staining; the methylation of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene and amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene were analyzed. (2) The primary and recurrent GBM stem cells were cultured in vitro and named as SU5-1 and SU5-2 cells, respectively; the expressions of nestin and CD133 were detected by immunohistochemical staining; GFAP expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining after induced differentiation, and the growth curve was detected by CCK-8 assay; Transwell invasion assay was used to detect the invasion ability; cell resistance to temozolomide (TMZ), carboplatin (CBP), cisplatin (DDP) and adriamycin (ADM) was detected by CCK-8 assay; the protein expression of programmed death receptor-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was detected by Western blotting. The rate of PD-L1 positive cells was detected by flow cytometry; genetic testing analysis was as above. (3) The primary and recurrent in situ PDX models in nude mice were established, and the expressions of nestin, GFAP and Ki-67 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results (1) As compared with the primary GBM, the recurrent GBM had significantly higher percentages of Ki-67 and nestin positive cells, while statistically lower percentage of GFAP positive cells (P<0.05); genetic analysis showed that there was no mutation in IDH gene in the primary GBM tissues and recurrent GBM tissues; the MGMT gene in the primary GBM tissues was methylated and EGFR gene was not amplified, while the MGMT gene in recurrent GBM tissues was demethylated and EGFR gene amplification was positive. (2) Both SU5-1 and SU5-2 cells expressed nestin and CD133, and GFAP was expressed after induced differentiation; the growth curve showed that the proliferation of SU5-2 cells started earlier than that of SU5-1 cells, the two were equal on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th d, and the proliferation of SU5-1 cells was faster than that of SU5-2 cells from the 6th d; the invasion ability of SU5-2 cells was statistically stronger than that of SU5-1 cells (P<0.05); the inhibition rates of SU5-2 cells treated with 5, 10, and 15 mmol/L CBP, 0.3125, 1.25, and 5 mmol/L DDP, 0.5 and 2 mmol/L ADM, and 125 and 500 mmol/L TMZ were significantly lower than those of SU5-1 cells treated with the same concentrations and same drugs (P<0.05); the protein expression of PD-L1 in SU5-2 cells was higher than that in SU5-1 cells; the positive rate of PD-L1 in SU5-2 cells was statistically higher than that in SU5-1 cells (P<0.05); the results of genetic analysis were consistent with those of the primary and recurrent GBM samples. (3) As compared with those in the primary PDX model, the nestin and Ki-67 expressions were significantly higher and GFAP expression was significantly lower in the recurrent PDX model (P<0.05); the results of genetic analysis were consistent with those of the primary and recurrent GBM samples. Conclusions Genetic differences are detected between primary and recurrent GBMs; recurrent GBM has stronger invasive capacity and multi-drug resistance. The primary stem cells derived from surgical specimens and corresponding PDX models could replicate the molecular genetic characteristics of original tumors, which provide a reliable experimental platform for both tumor translation researches and screening of molecular therapeutic targets.

Various types of medical devices used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) should be detected for their safety by strict biological assays. Mouse embryo assay(MEA)has been recognized as one of the most important and standardized methods with the threshold more than 80% of blastocyst formation rate (BR) after 96 h culture of fertilized eggs. The disadvantage using BR for embryonic quality control has been concerned as it is ubiquitously dependent of embryonic morphology and the detailed data including molecular and genetic information is obviously missing and incomplete. This leads to the urgent requirement for more sensitive and efficient assessments for the quality control of ART. This study evaluated the reliability of an immunofluorescent MEA by counting total cell and differential number of the cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) in the blastocyst. This method improved the traditional MEA, provided a sensitive and powerful platform to assess embryonic developmental viability and should be suggested as a standard assay to be globally used for the quality control of medical devices and pre-clinical procedures in ART.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Development ; Equipment Safety ; Mice ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; instrumentation

Objective To evaluate the curative effect of Jiejiu-Hugan decoction combined with polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules on the patients with alcoholic liver disease of liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome. Methods A total of 60 ALD patients were divided by random number table into two groups:combined treatment group (35 cases) and conventional treatment group (25 cases). Both groups received treatment according to the changes of symptomatic treatment. Besides, the conventional treatment group was treated with polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules, and combined treatment group was with both polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules and Jiejiu-Hugan decoction. Treatment last for 3 months. The improvement of liver function, blood lipid and the clinical symptoms and signs were observed. Results The total effective rate of the combined treatment group was 94.28%, whilethe conventional treatment group was 68%. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (χ2=7.255, P=0.007). After the treatment, the levels of AST (52.60 ± 9.48 U/L vs. 63.28 ± 19.92 U/L, t=2.964), TBil (18.91 ± 7.23 U/L vs. 27.41 ± 8.53 U/L, t=4.678) in the combined treatment group were significantly lower than that in the conventional treatment group (P<0.01). And TG (2.70 ± 0.52 mmol/L vs. 3.65 ± 0.74 mmol/L, t=4.809), LDL-C (3.56 ± 0.41 mmol/L vs. 4.20 ± 0.40 mmol/L, t=3.810) in the combined treatment group were significantly lower than that in the conventional treatment group (P<0.01). Conclusions Jiejiu-Hugan decoction combined with polyene phosphatidylcholine capsule can effectively improve ALD patients' liver function;reduce the level of blood lipid. The combined treatment curative effect is better than the only western medicine conventional therapy.