Health economics is an important part of general education for medical students,but the traditional,professional-education-oriented health economics courses do not adapt to the requirements of medical students' general education,which makes it necessary to reconstruct the course based on the concept of general education.Firstly,the course target should be reestablished with the full implementation of general education concept.Secondly,the teaching contents should be comprehensively optimized with a substantial streamlining of traditional content system.Thirdly,the teaching methods should be improved in order to meet the demands of the target.Finally,according to the teaching practice,it is suggested that more effort should be put on the teaching ability of teachers,the mining of new methods and cases,and the construction of high quality teaching materials.

Objective:To explore the effect of costunolide on sensitivity of chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562/ADR to doxorubicin and its mechanism.Methods:K562/ADR cells in the logarithmic phase were used, and the cells were treated with different concentrations of costunolide, doxorubicin or costunolide combined with doxorubicin for 72 h. The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method, the cell proliferation rate was calculated, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of the two drugs was obtained. The cells were treated with 10 μmol/L costunolide, 10 μmol/L doxorubicin or costunolide combined with doxorubicin for 48 h, the apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression level of p38-MAPK pathway related proteins was detected by Western blot. Results:The cell proliferation rate in the costunolide combined with doxorubicin group was lower than that in the corresponding concentration of the two drugs alone groups, and the differences were statistically significant both ( P < 0.05). The IC 50 of doxorubicin for K562/ADR cells was (13.50±0.86) μmol/L, and costunolide was (7.30±0.55) μmol/L ( t = 7.044, P = 0.002). The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of K562/ADR cells in the 10 μmol/L costunolide combined with 10 μmol/L doxorubicin group was higher than that of the blank control group, costunolide alone group and doxorubicin alone group, and the differences were statistically significant [(19.68±3.21)% vs. (2.96±0.87)%, (9.34±2.89)%, (9.18±2.13)%, all P<0.01]. Compared with the 10 μmol/L costunolide alone group and the 10 μmol/L doxorubicin alone group, the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor protein bcl-2 in the two-drug combination group was down-regulated, and the expressions of bad, p-p38, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP proteins were up-regulated. Conclusion:Costunolide can enhance the inhibitory effect of doxorubicin on the proliferation of K562/ADR cells and promote doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, which may reverse the drug resistance of K562/ADR cells by regulating the p38-MAPK pathway.

Objective To observe the anatomy of the inferior right hepatic veins (IRHV).Methods The IRHVs were divided into 3 groups according to the location where they entered into the retrohepatic inferior vena cava at: the upper 1/3, middle or lower 1/3. The incidence, number, caliber, extrahepatic length and the relationship between the major hepatic veins (the right, middle and the left hepatic veins) and the IRHV were observed and measured in 60 adult cadavers. Results The incidence of IRHV was 83.33% with an average diameter of 2.62-18.46(14.32±1.21)mm. Its extrahepatic length was 3.26-47.65 (10.78±7.81)mm. There was a marked negative correlation between the diameter of the IRHV and its number, a marked negative correlation between the diameter of the IRHV and the diameter of the right hepatic vein and a marked positive correlation between the number of the IRHV and the diameter of the right hepatic vein. Conclusions There were high variations in the incidence and anatomy of the IRHV which were related to the diameter of the right hepatic vein. The IRHV was not to be torn during liver resection and should be reconstructed in right liver grafts.

Objective To discuss two simulation studies on the closed and open peritoneum in abdomenal operations. Meth-ods We selected 120 domestic female rabbits from animal laboratory of Qi Qi Ha’er Medical College at random and divided them into four groups(according to whether the peritoneum was open or not,the degree of peritoneum defect at the right side of incision and the existence of peritoneum hemorrhagic focus ),with 30 cases in each group. Group Ⅰ: no peritoneum suture and making a defect of 4cm?3cm at the right side of the incision; Group Ⅱ: no peritoneum suture and making a defect of 4cm?3cm at the right side of the incision,with a hemorrhagic focus at peritoneum defect;Group Ⅲ: with peritoneum suture; Group Ⅳ:with dense and compact peritoneum suture.And then we analyzed postoperative peritoneum healing progress. Results Observeations of the incision infection by the naked eye were that one case was identified in group Ⅰ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ;and a significant difference of occurrence rate was identified between the fallowing groups: groupⅠandⅡ(P

Cutaneous dyschromia is a common problem of plastic and cosmetic surgery. There are not good methods to resolve this problem in present. The mechanisms of skin pigmentation process are not well understood. It is now recognized the correlation between melanogenesis and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Alpha-msh enhances activity and quantity of tyrosinase as well as stimulates melanogenesis, specifically to stimulate eumelanin synthesis by activating the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) on melanocytes. Alpha-msh stimulates melanocyte prolixferation, formation of dendricity, and transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes, It also protects melanocytes from the damaging effects by immunomodulation. Also, alpha-msh interact with other factors to affect pigmentation indirectly. Agouti signaling protein(ASIP) is a endogeneous antagonist of alpha-msh can induces pheomelanin synthesis by competing with alpha-msh for binding to the MC-1R.Follwing better understood the mechanisms of skin pigmented process, it will provide effective methods to resolve acquired human cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation.

Impaired ability to undergo apoptosis in response to a wide range of external stimuli acquires melanomas a selective advantage for progression and metastasis as well as their notorious resistance to therapy. Changes at genomic, transcriptional and post-translational levels of G-proteins and protein kinases (Ras) , their transcription factor effectors (c-jun,ATF2, stat3 and NF-?B) and upregulator of antiapoptosis gene (Bcl-2、Bcl-X_L、survivin、ML-IAP)affects apoptosis-induced of TNF, Fas and TRAIL receptors, which play important roles in acquiring melanoma's resistance to apoptosis. The complexity of the molecular variants involved in signal transduction along apoptotic pathways suggests that the cell may have a variety of possibilities for regulating apoptosis and generating apoptosis deficiency.

miRNAs are a group of 22 ~25 nucleotides endogenous non-coding RNAs,which regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level by cause the degradation or translational suppression of target mR-NAs.In recent years,studies have demonstrated that miRNAs widely participate in cell differentiation,prolifera-tion,organ development and lipid metabolism,and are closely related to the formation of many kinds of diseases. The biological function of miRNAs and their effects on regulating prenatal and postnatal lung development are reviewed in this paper.

Diagnosis before procreation is an important examination in pregnancy.It could find out abnormity during the period of fetation,so we could use techniques like terminating pregnancy treatment in the uterus to improve the quality of babies.However,with the development of obsteric techniques,people can choose their baby's gender,as a result,it will certainly break the balance between male and female.It can impair the development of human being,so we have to deal with more ethical problems.

Biogenic molluscicides refer to the use of plants,animals and micro?organisms or their metabolites,and synthesis biomimetic molluscicides to kill Oncomelania hupensis snails. With the rapid development of science and technology,new bio?genic molluscicides are continuously emerging and the category also continues to expand. According to the molluscicidal active ingredient and sources,at present,the biogenic molluscicides with in?depth studies include plant?derived molluscicides,micro?organism molluscicides,microbial metabolite molluscicides and animal molluscicides. This paper reviews the advances in the re?searches of biogenic molluscicides in recent years.

To improve the quality of clinical teaching of plastic surgery for foreign students at different levels,we think that good teaching result will be got by applying English teaching for whole range,attaching importance to the selection and cultivation of the teaching staff,establishing individualized teaching program and compiling suitable material,and sticking to trial teaching before class,collective discussion and flexible teaching methods.