Real-time three-dimensional echocardiograp hy (RT-3DE) is an important breakthrough in the field of ultrasound imaging technique. It will promote the development of ultrasound in medicine and provide a powerful tool for diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings. In this article, the author will introduce the structure of matrix array transducer and the imaging principle of RT-3DE, the bottle-neck of three-dimensional imaging and the possible resolution to the pitfall, the examination method and the future trend of RT-3DE.

Ansodamine(654-2)can inhibit the contractile response of the isolated ileum and trachea of Guinea-pigs induced with histamine. The cumulative logarithmic dose-response curves of histamine can be parallelly moved to the right. The PA2 values were 6.575 and 4.914 respectively.It is believed that the anti-bistamine action of ansodamine(654-2) seems to be related to the blocking of the Hi-receptors of the muscles.

Intracardiovascular smoke-like echo always appears in the regions of stasis.Recently,we experimentally found that its appearance closely related to the erythrocytic rouleaux.(1)In vitro study:Erythrocytic suspension was observed by ultrasound and echofree can be seen on its sonogram.Under mi-croscope.the red blood cells presented dispersed phase.If equal amount of lymphocytic separated solution was put in the suspension,smoke-like echo appeared at the original fluid dark area and the red cells pres-ented pattern of rouleaux.(2)Animal experiment:Under physiological condition,velocity of blood flow israpid and echofree can be seen in the cardiovascular cavity.When blood flow velocity becomes slow or stasis,the shear force will reduce and even disappear,SO.red cells aggregated each other with their concave face and formed a rouleaux.As rouleaux structure was formed,its size became larger and it was nearer orlarger than the wavelength of ultrasound.therefre the reflections were produced and smoke-like echoappeared.It might be the mechanism for the formation of intracardiovascular smoke-like echo.

Objective Because a three-dimensional reconstucted imaging resulting from any site or orientation was acquired,the useful and helpful images for diagnosis should be identified.The present study is to identify a series of right-sided three-dimensional echocardicgraphy over transesophageal two-dimensional echocardicgraphy.Methods Three-dimensional echocardiography was performed in 5 normal subjects and 10 patients.With transesophageal echocardiography,the transducer was inserted into esophagus in different depth which can be visualized right atrium,tricuspid valve and right ventricular cavity.In these different depth,ninety rotational(2 degree interval)sector images of the heart were separately collected and digitized with the echo-scan system.After the images were processed,a three-dimensional data set was established.Any desired right-sided three-dimensional echocardiography could be computed,volume rendered and displayed in monitor.Results The images Of right-sided three-dimensional echoeardiography were reconsturcted in all subjects.A series of useful and helpful right-sided three-dimensional echocardiography were identified for diagnosis as following:①The image of sagital SVC and IVC.②IAS visualized from right atrium.③TV displayed from right atrium.④IVS rendered frma right ventricle.⑤IVS visualized from fight ventricle.⑥RA,TV,RV and RVOT entire appearance.(Z) RARVOT.PV and PA image.⑧The image of free wall of right ventride.⑨IAS,TV,IVS and RVOT entire appearancL Conclusions Three-dimensional eehocardiography is clinically feasible and useful.The images of richt-sided three-dimensional echocardiography identified with be helpful to diagnose the right-sided heart diseases.

AIDS has become a devastating disease facing human around the world.Western medicine can reduce blood HIV load,thereby promoting recovery of immune function. With the extensive application of HAART,many unsolvable problems appear.There is much experience in treatment for infectious diseases in TCM.So,it is necessary and feasible to treat AIDS with TCM.Combination of Chinese and western medicine will achieve complementary advantages and may be a new model for AIDS treatment.Many researchers carry out study on it,but there are still a lot to do to improve the drawbacks.

The left to right shunt rate(F)and the transverse seetional area of ductus arteriosus(A)were calculated by color Doppler flow convergence method in 20 patients with patent ductus arteriosus.The results indicated that the shunt rate(F)was correlated fairly with Qp-Qs,Qp/Qs(measured by pulsed wave Doppler),the pressure gradient(△P)and the diameter of left ventricle(DLV)(r=0.81,0.62,0.69 and 0.53;P＜0.001,0.005,0.001 and 0.01,respectively).The transverse sectional area of ductus arteriosus(A)was also correlated closely with the diameter of ductus arteriosus(Dd)measured directly in two-dimensional view(r=0.81,P＜0.001).The F value of group Qp/Qs≥2:1 was apparently higher than that of group Qp/Qs＜2:1(P＜0.005).The color Doppler flow convergence method can rapidly and exactly evaluate the left to right shunt severity of patent ductus arteriosus.

The shape of regurgitant jets in 30 patients with eccentric mitral regurgitaltoll Showing flow convergence region(FCR)was observed.It was found that the shapes of the jets were allslender and close to left atrial wall.In comparison of the regurgitant volume calculated by pulsed Doppler and regurgitant flow rate by flow convergence with the regurgitant jet area and the ratio 0f the regurgitant area to left atrial area respectively,the results showed that there were poor correlations between them (r=0.59,0.56 and r=0.55,0.57)and good correlation between regurgitant volume determined by Pulsed Doppler and regurgitant flow rate by flow convergence(r=0. 96,P<0.01).When the regurgitant flow rates calculated by flow convergence were same,the regurgitartt jet area and the ratio of the regurgitant jet area to left atrial area of non-eccentric mitral regurgitation were obviously larger than those of eccentric mitral regurgitation.The results indicated that the regurgitant jet area and the ratio of the regurgitant jet area to left atrial area underestimated the severity of eccentric mitral regurgitation apparently and that flow convergence region could be used to assess the seVerItY 0f eccentric mitral regurgitation accurately.

ObjectiveTo analyze the therapeutic experience and value of hemoperfusion in children with acute tetramine poisoning.MethodsAccording to the choice of children's legal guardian,67 cases with acute tetramine poisoning were divided into two groups:the perfusion group (48 cases),and the control group (19 cases).The patients in perfusion group received blood perfusion based on conventional treatment,while the patients in control group received conventional treatment only.Survival outcomes of patients with different serum tetramine concentrations in two groups were compared.ResultsWhen the serum concentration of tetramine was ＞0.5 mg/dl,patients in both groups died in a short time.When the serum concentration of tetramine was 0.20～0.49 mg/dl,the drop value of serum concentration of tetramine significantly greater in perfusion group [(0.28±0.02) mg/dl] than that in control group [(0.13±0.03) mg/dl] (P＜0.05).When the serum concentration of tetramine was ＜0.2 mg/dl,the drop value of serum concentration of tetramine in two groups showed no significant difference [ (0.12±0.02) mg/dl vs (0.11±0.03) mg/dl] (P＞0.05).Conclusion The treatment method for tetramine poisoning should be selected based on the serum concentration of tetramine.

To evaluate the morphology of atrial septum by the live three-dimensional echocardiography (L3DE) and its value of clinical application, L3DE was performed in 62 subjects to observe the morphological characteristics and dynamic change of the overall anatomic structure of atrial septum. The study examined 49 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD), including 3 patients with atrial septal aneurysm, and 10 healthy subjects. ASD in the 35 patients was surgically confirmed. The maximal diameters of ASD were measured and the percentages of area change were calculated. The parameters derived from L3DE were compared with intraoperative measurements. The results showed that L3DE could directly and clearly display the morphological features of overall anatomic structure of normal atrial septum, repaired and artificially-occluded atrial septum, atrial septal aneurysm. The defect area in ASD patients changed significantly during cardiac cycle, which reached a maximum at end-systole and a minimum at end-diastole, with a mean change percentage of 46.6%, ranging from 14.8% to 73.4%. The sizes obtained from L3DE bore an excellent correlation with intraoperative findings (r=0.90). It is concluded that L3DE can clearly display the overall morphological features and dynamic change of atrial septum and measure the size of ASD area accurately, which is important in the decision to choose therapeutic protocols.
Atrial Septum/*ultrasonography ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/*methods ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/*pathology ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/*ultrasonography ; Young Adult

The effects of cardiomyocyte grafting on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function in rats with chronic myocardial infarction were evaluated using high-frequency ultrasound. Chronic myocardial infarction was induced in 50 Wister rats by ligating the left anterior descending artery. They were randomized into two groups: a trial group that received neonatal rat cardiomyocyte transplantation (n=25) and a control group which were given intramyocardial injection of culture medium (n=25). The left ventricular (LV) geometry and function were evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound before and 4 weeks after the cell transplantation. After the final evaluation, all rats were sacrificed for histological study. The results showed that 4 weeks after the cell transplantation, as compared with the control group, the LV end-systolic dimension, end-diastolic dimension, end-systolic volume and end-diastolic volume were significantly decreased and the LV anterior wall end-diastolic thickness, LV ejection fraction and fractional shortening were significantly increased in the trial group (P<0.01). Histological study showed that transplanted neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were found in all host hearts and identified by Brdu staining. It was suggested that transplantation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes can reverse cardiac remodeling and improve heart function in chronic myocardial infarction rats. High-frequency ultrasound can be used as a reliable technique for the non-invasive evaluation of the effect of cardiomyocyte transplantation.
Animals, Newborn ; Echocardiography/*methods ; Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology ; Myocardial Infarction/*therapy ; Myocardial Infarction/ultrasonography ; Myocytes, Cardiac/*transplantation ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Wistar ; Ventricular Function, Left/*physiology ; Ventricular Remodeling