When auditory organ is stimulated by some tones,there will be a series of electric activities in our auditory systems,we call them auditory evoked potentials.we can divide them short,middle and long latency response by their latencies.Different potentials can reflect brain function activities in different pathes of auditory nerve.In forensic medicine expertise,they can be objective evaluation in audition function and handicap of pathes of auditory nerve brain function.In this article,we summarized the mechanism and characters of different auditory evoked potentials,sumed up their application value in forensic medicine.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the upper cervical. Methods Anatomic characteristics were observed and measured in the anterior column of 50 dry atlas and axis specimens. Conventional and endoscopic methods to decompress the spinal cord and excise the cartilage surface of the atlantoaxial joint by transoral-transpharyngeal approach were taken respectively in two groups of cadaveric heads and necks. All the cadaveric specimens were then open dissected to evaluate endoscopic operation methods, decompression size and the "safe zone". Results The anterior arch of atlas was of a length of (19.8?2.3) mm, the height of odontoid was (15.9?1.9) mm, the width (10.5?0.6) mm, and the thickness (11.5?1.9) mm; the maximal transverse diameter of superior facet of axis was (15.1?1.6) mm, and the anteroposterior one was (17.7?1.3) mm. The anterior tubercle of the atlas could be acted as landmark leading to the endoscopic atlantoaxis surgery. The arch could be drilled either from the tubercle to the lateral side or broken from the junction to the lateral mass. Endoscopic odontoid dissection should begin at the apex of the odontoid, and proceed inferiorly. It was necessary to move or slope the working tube to explore atlantoaxial lateral joint and dissect its cartilage, but the width and depth of cartilage dissection should be limited to 12 mm and 10 mm in order to avoid damage to vertebral artery and spinal cord. Measurements after postoperative open dissection showed that endoscopic decompression size were not significantly different from that of conventional method. There was a "safe zone" in the front of atlantoaxis of transoral-transpharyngeal approach, with (45.9?3.6) mm wide and (29.4?2.5) mm high. Conclusion Endoscopic transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the upper cervical is technically feasible, which had a good exploration and could get the same decompressing size with conventional transoral-transpharyngeal approach.

Objective To develop an embedded system by using time-triggered system and ATmega128.Methods Making use of the minimum system structure of ATmega128,a multitask system,which could be implanted into AVR CPU,was designed based on the singlechip with 8 bits and 51series.Results Time-Triggered Embedded System kept the controlling precision on ms degree and ensured a sensitive and rapid response to keyboard input.Conclusion Software designed by Time-Triggered Embedded System has advantage in real time,so it is applicable to minitype real time control system.

OBJECTIVE:To provide a method for a scientific and rational formation of hospital drug purchase plan.METHODS:Based on the major factors influencing the drug purchase plans,a moving-average method(mathematical principle)was used to establish computational formula for hospital drug purchase plan model,which was then put into practice.RESULTS:The predicted amount calculated using the computation model could be used to track the actual consumption quantity rapidly;this model could auto-adjust the inventory and dynamically forecast the drug purchase amount.CONCLUSION:The computation model contributes to the scientific and reasonable formation of hospital drug purchase plan thus meeting the needs of majority clinical drugs.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Analgesia ; Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Opium ; analogs & derivatives ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats

Objective To constructan eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid named pEGFP-N2-PRNP .Methods Total RNA was extracted from alzheimer (AD) disease peripheral blood ,and the PRNP gene was amplified by reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction(RT-PCR) .By using gene recombination technique ,human PRNP cDNA was inserted into retroviral vector pEGFP-N2 .The recombinant plasmid was identified by a pair of specified primers containing the restriction sites of Xho Ⅰ and EcoRⅠ .Results The PRNP gene could be obtained by RT-PCR ,the recombinant plasmid was identified by restriction endonucle-ase analysis ,PCR and sequence analysis ,and the expression vector pEGFP-N2-PRNP ,which could be stably expressed in SH-SY5Y cells .Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N2-PRNP is constructed successfully ,Which offers a basic for the further re-search on PRNP biological fuction .

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease endangering people’s health around the world ,and diagnosis and ra‐tional treatment are the key to control TB .However ,currently there is no diagnostic golden standard for latent tuberculosis in‐fection (LTBI) .The tuberculin skin test and IFN‐gamma release analysis are regarded as effective methods for TB diagnosis , which is based on host’s cellular immune response to mycobacterial antigens .But the two methods are not perfect ;neither test can make a clear distinction between latent infection and active TB .Flow Cytometry (FCM ) has been widely used in the field of clinical medicine .In recent years ,substantial advances have been achieved in the fields of TB diagnosis and evaluation of treat‐ment efficacy by using the FCM intracellular cytokine detection technology .In this paper ,we will review the latest progress in tuberculosis diagnosis research by using flow cytometry in recent years .

AIM: The influence of the seawater on the lipid peroxidation of the muscle tissue wounded by firearm was studied. METHODS: Both two limbs of rabbits were wounded by the steel ball of 250 mg. The wounded rabbits were divided into two group: One is seawater immersed group (SIG), which was dipped in artificial seawater for 30 min. Another is the single wounded group (SWG), which wasn't dipped in seawater. Then, muscle tissues 0.5 cm (A area), 1.5 cm (B area) and 2.5 cm (C area) from wound edge were cut for biochemical analysis at 3, 6, 12, 24 h of post-wound, respectively. The contents of ATP, MDA and SOD activity of all these tissues were detected, pre-wounded muscle tissues were used as control group. RESULTS: The content of MDA in SIG increased obviously at 3, 6 h, respectively, but it decreased slightly at 12 h and increased again at 24 h. The change in MDA in SWG is similar to that in SIG but more slightly. The changes in both the activity of SOD and the content of ATP in two groups is similar to that of MDA. CONCLUSION: Seawater induced more serious lipid peroxidation in the muscle tissue wounded by firearm. [

OBJECTIVE:To prepare a rapid-disintegrated lozenge METHODS:The formula and technology were decided by taking the disintegrating time and dissolubility as standard RESULTS:The lozenge could completely disintegrate in 20s and the accumnlated dissolubility of the model drug was 99% after 5 minutes in phosphate buffer(pH=6 80) CONCLUSION:Using now available equipment,suitable excipients and workmanship can prepare a rapid-disintegrated lozenge

Objective To investigate the relationship between gene expression of endothelin-3(ET-3) and inflammation of acute pancreatitis(AP) in rats.Methods Fifty-four rats were divided randomly into 4 groups:sham operation group,AP group,arterial injection group and vein injection group.AP was induced by reverse intra-bile duct infusion 4.5% sodium taurocholate,treated with low dose dopamine 〔5 ?g/(kg?min)〕 by injecting arterial or tail vein.Rats were sacrificed at 1,6 and 24 h after the induction of AP.The mRNA expression of ET-3 was evaluated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and pathological changes was observed in rats.Results Expression of ET-3 mRNA could be detected from 1 up to 24 h after the induction of pancreatitis.Expression of ET-3 mRNA of sham operation group was decreased significantly compared with other three groups.Expression of ET-3 mRNA showed a significant decrease by arterial injection dopamine than that by tail vein(P