Diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) is one of the common and serious complications of diabetes, which also the main causes of visual impairment in patients with diabetes, and its incidence has been increasing. With the in- depth study of the pathogenesis of DR, through the control of risk factors including blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid, as well as the application of a variety of drugs, the prevention and cure of DR achieved a certain effect. ln this paper, we make a review of the present status and progress in recent years on the DR control risk factors and drug intervention.

Objective To evaluate the influence of pressing technique on the malposition of catheter dur- ing the operation of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). Methods Totally, 169 patients with lung cancer were randomly divided into treatment group (n = 88), in which the external and internal jugular veins were pressed at the supraclavicular fossa by the assistant when the catheter was navigated in 25 cm, and control group (n = 81), in which the patients were called to turn their angle of mandible to supraclavicular fossa when the cathe- ter was sent in. Results There were only one patient whose catheter was sent in external jugular vein in treatment group and nine patients whose catheters were sent in external and internal jugular vein in control group. The inci- dence of malposition of catheter was significantly different between two groups (1.1% vs. 11. 1% , X2 =7. 3636, P < 0. 01). Conclusion The pressing technique can reduce the incidence of malposition of catheter into external and internal jugular vein during the operation of PICC.

The antitussive activity assay for the root extraction of Disporum cantoniense was carried out with coughing mice induced by ammonia liquor. The results showed that the ethanol and water extractions of D. cantoniense possess strong antitussive activity, and the high dose of the former was better than positive control, and then the constituents of the ethanol extraction were separated and purified by various modern chromatographic techniques. Their structures were identified by physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data. As a result, eight compounds were isolated and identified as stigmast-4-en-3-one(1), (22E, 24R)-ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3beta-ol(2), obtucarbamate A(3), obtucarbamate B(4), neotigogenin(5), azo-2, 2'-bis[Z-(2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyl-5-methoxy) phenyl ethylene] (6),dimethyl {[carbonylbis (azanediyl)] bis( 2-methyl-5, 1-phenylene) j dicarbamate (7) , and quercetin-3-O-pB-D-glucopyranoside(8). All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and the result of bioactivity-directed isolation showed that compounds 3, 4, and 6 had obvious effect on antitussive activity, and compound 6 had the same level as positive control.
Animals ; Antitussive Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Female ; Liliaceae ; chemistry ; Male ; Mice

The method was established for determination of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, pinoresinoldiglucoside, which are three kinds of constituents of Eucommia ulmoides absorbed into the blood components. LC-MS/MS technique was applied to determine the blood components of the bloodstream after administration of E. ulmoides extract. At the same time, HPLC was used for detection of the ingredients content of the blood sample from 23 batches of E. ulmoides. The results showed that geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinoldiglucoside are prototype into the blood in rats after oral administration of E. ulmoides extract, The linear range of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinoldiglucoside was good, and the average recoveries geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid and pinoresinoldiglucoside were 98.69%, 100.8% and 98.39%, respectively. The method is simple and feasible with good reproducibility.
Animals ; Chlorogenic Acid ; blood ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Eucommiaceae ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; blood ; Iridoid Glucosides ; blood ; Lignans ; blood ; Male ; Plasma ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Actins ; metabolism ; Aged ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fasciitis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Fibroma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Keratin-5 ; metabolism ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue ; metabolism ; pathology

Objective : To investigate the mutation of VHL gene, an important tumor suppressor gene in primary sporadic human renal cell carcinoma (RCC),and analyse its relationships with pathological stage and grade of renal cell carcinoma. Methods: We analyzed 57 cases of primary sporadic Chinese renal clear carcinoma using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing high performance liquid chromatography(DHPLC).All positive cases in DHPLC analysis were further characterized by direct sequencing. Results: Somatic mutations were detected in 30 (53%) of 57 clear cell renal carcinomas including 13 deletions, 2 insertions, and 15 missense mutations. These mutations mainly occurred in the last one third region of exon 1, 2,and 3. Conclusion: VHL tumor suppressor gene is one of the major tumor suppressor genes in human renal cell carcinoma,and there are frequent mutations of VHL in primary sporadic Chinese renal clear cell carcinomas. The mutations of VHL gene were irrespective of the age and pathological grade and stage of patients.

Objective To investigate the current situation of the prevention and contml of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD)in Hubei Province,SO as to provide a policy.making basis for controlling work of IDD. Methods Using the method of proportional population sampling(PPS),30 eounties were seiected in Hubei Province.In each selected county,1 primary school was chosen.In every primary school,40 pupil8 aged 8～10 years were selected to examine thyroid size,intelligent quotient(IQ),and salt iodine contents at their home.In the selected pupils,2 boys and 2 girls were chosen to determine their urinary iodine contents in each age grouD.Twenty pupils in the above school and 5 housewives ileal"to this school were tested in health education questionnaire. Results The median of salt iodine was 30.1 mg/kg,and the rate of comsuming qualified iodized salt was 96.2% (1154/1200).The rates ofchild goiter were 6.5%(78/1200)by palpation and 4.1%(49/1200)by B ultrasound.The median of urinary iodine Was 358.4μg/L and mean of the IQ was 105.3±14.4.The rate of qualified scores of both students and housewives Was 25.5%(153/600)、90.7%(136/150).Conclusions The current Bituation of iedine nutrition is good.The goal of eliminating IDD has been achieved in Hubei Province.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of prulifloxacin capsules in Chinese healthy volunteers after single and multiple oral administration of prulifloxacin capsules.METHODS:A total of 12 healthy adult subjects were randomly grouped by 3? 3 Latin square,who were assigned to receive oral single dose of 132,264 and 528mg prulifloxacin capsules and multiple doses of 264mg prulifloxacin capsule for 6 days in succession.The blood concentration of NM394-the metabolite of Prulifloxacin was determined by HPLC at different time after oral administration of Prulifloxacin.The simulation and fitting,and computation of parameters were performed using DAS ver1.0 software.RESULTS:All 12 subjects had completed single oral administration test,with no adverse drug reactions appeared during the test.No prulifloxacin but its metabolite-NM394 was identified in the blood sample of subjects.The high,medium and low dosage groups were all fitted two-compartment model.The pharmacokinetics fitted first order kinetics process without gender difference.There was no accumulation and pharmacokinetic parameters change after multiple oral administration of prulifloxacin,suggesting prulifloxacin had no self-enzyme inhibition or induction.CONCLUSION:The established method is sensitive,accurate,reliable and specific,and it can meet the requirement of clinical pharmacokinetic trial.Its parameters are in line with literature reported abroad,with no gender difference among Chinese adults.

Objective To determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between cefalor and bromhexine in healthy Chinese volunteers. Methods Twelve subjects received a cefaclor (CEF) treatment, a bromhexine (BHX) treatment, and a co-treatment of CEF and BHX with a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The wash-out time between periods was 14 days. The plasma and urine drug concentrations of CEF and BHX were detected by HPLC-UV and LC/MS, respectively. Results All the 12 volunteers completed the study. There were no significant differences in AUC0-t and Cmax of CEF in logarithm between the single administration group of CEF and the co-administration group of CEF with BHX. Two one sided t-test showed that CEF was bioequivalent in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in tmax, MRT, t1/2, and Clr between the 2 groups. Vd/F was significantly lower in the single CEF group than in the co-administration group of CEF and BHX. There were no significant differences of AUC0-t and Cmax of BHX in logarithm between the single administration group of BHX and the co-administration group of BHX with CEF. Two one sided t-test showed that BHX was bioequivalent in the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in tmax, MRT, t1/2, Vd/F, and Clr between the 2 groups. Conclusion There is no significant pharmacokinetic parameter change in the drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion, but Va/F of CEF significant increases in the co-administration of CEF with BHX. The co-administration of CEF and BHX has no adverse drug interaction. The increase of Vd/F may be a favorable drug interaction, which may be the mechanism of the synergistic effect of the 2 drugs.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the in vivo and three-dimensional (3D) length changes of the glenohumeral ligaments during shoulder abduction using open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODSFrom 2007 to 2008 3D attachment points of the glenohumeral ligaments were obtained by anatomical study and computed tomographic scanning of 10 embalmed cadaveric shoulders, including the superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL), middle glenohumeral ligament (MGHL), the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (AIGHL), axillary pouch and the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (PIGHL). Then an in vivo study was conducted, in which 14 right shoulder joints of 14 healthy volunteers were evaluated in 7 isometric abduction positions (0 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees , 90 degrees , 120 degrees , 150 degrees and 180 degrees ) using a noninvasive 3D motion-analysis system. 3D models of the shoulders and located the attachment points of the ligaments were created. Ligament lengths were based on the shortest calculated paths between each origin and insertion in 3D space along the 3D bone surface for each abduction position.

RESULTSDuring shoulder abduction, the 3D distance of SGHL was found to elongated and attained maximal length at 30 degrees abduction (P = 0.2). MGHL and AIGHL attained maximal length at 60 degrees (P < 0.05) and 120 degrees (P < 0.05) abduction, respectively. Pouch and PIGHL reached the maximal length at 180 degrees abduction (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe SGHL limits inferior translation of the humeral head at 30 degrees of abduction. MGHL maintains maximum anterior stability at 60 degrees of abduction. AIGHL prevents anterior dislocation of the humeral head at 120 degrees of abduction. In 180 degrees abduction, pouch provided anterior stability and PIGHL has the contribution to the inferior stability.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Ligaments, Articular ; anatomy & histology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Anatomic ; Shoulder Joint ; anatomy & histology