This article introduces the classifications of medical devices by FDA and EU and compares them with the situation in China. Towards the problems found, several reasonable advices are put forward.
China ; Durable Medical Equipment ; classification

BackgroundBoth accommodative abnormality and higher order wavefront aberrations associated with near work are interrelated with blurry retinal image.It is very important to investigate the higher order wavefront aberrations in stable and progressive myopic eyes before and after near work. ObjectiveThe present study wasto observe the high order aberration change of myopic eyes before and after computer work upon near work stimulation as well as the relationship of high order aberration changes to types of myopia. MethodsThe case-controlled design was used in this clinical study.Sixty right eyes of 60 subjects were enrolled,including 30 progressive myopias and 30 stable myopias with matched age and gender.Refractive errors of the subjects were completely corrected by the wearing of spectacles.The subjects remained the work for 1 hour in front of a computer monitor with 40 cm distance under the dark environment and nature pupil size,and the height of the eye and monitor center kept the same level.The changes of wavefront aberration in test eyes were measured with Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System before and after 1 hour of continuous computer work.The influences of computer-work and myopia types on wavefront aberration were analyzed in 3,4,5 mm pupil size.Root-mean-square (RMS) of aberrations was calculated as the index of higher order wavefront aberrations.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the higher order wavefront aberrations before and after computer work for the two types of myopic eyes under the 3,4,5 mm pupil.The RMS of higher order wavefront aberrations were similar between progressive myopia and stable myopia under the 3 mm pupil condition.Total higher order RMS,6th-order,5th-order and 3rd-order RMS were significantly higher in progressive myopic group compared with stable myopic group under the 4 mm pupil size ( RMS3:F =5.985,P =0.016 ; RMS5:F =3.975,p=0.049;RMS6:F=8.130,P=0.005:RMST:F=6.493,P=0.012) and 5mm pupil size(RMS3:F=13.132,P=0.000;RMS5:F =4.032,P=0.047 ; RMS6:F =4.393,P=0.038:RMST:F=10.508,P=0.002 ).The spherical aberrations were higher in progressive myopic group under the 3,4,5 mm pupil conditions in comparison with stable myopic group,but these alterations were insignificant between two types of myopias ( P＞0.05 ).Conclusions Higher order wavefront aberrations of progressive myopic eyes is comparable higher than the stable myopic eyes.Computer reading task dose not significantly impact the higher order wavefront aberrations on myopic eyes.

Objective To compare the effects of different moist environment for treating severely burned patients.Methods From November 2009 to December 2014 in the Burn Unit of Hainan General Hospital, 170 hospitalized patients with severe burns were randomly equally divided into observation group and control group.The patients of control group were treated with the traditional wet therapy treatment, while of the observation group were given the closed moist therapy treatment.The wound healing, pain relief and adverse reactions were observed.Results All patients completed the treatment,and the cure rates at the 7th and 14th day of treatment in the treatment group were 80.0％ (68/85) and 97.6％ (83/85), significantly higher than those of the control group (52.9％ (45/85), 89.4％ (76/85), x2 =8.344,4.111, P ＜ 0.05).The number of dressing changes((7.44±2.39) times), cumulative dressing time ((45.98 ± 13.29) min) and wound healing time ((14.98±4.33)d) in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group((11.76 ±3.14) times, (87.03 ± 14.99) min), (18.87 ± 5.13) d)), the differences were statistically significant (t =6.349,6.540,3.111, P＜0.05).After treatment, the pain scores were showed clear downward trend, with had significant difference compared before treatment (P＜0.05), while the pain scores at the 7th day((3.10± 1.34) scores) and 14th day((1.76±0.67) scores) of treatment in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group((4.09±0.89) scores, (3.11±0.56) scores, P＜0.05).The incidence of adverse events during treatment in both groups were 5.9％, obviously improved after symptomatic treatment.Conclusion The moist environment conducive to the treatment of severely burned patients, and safety.Conclusion to traditional wet therapy, closed moist therapy has better cure rate of severe burns, can promote wound healing, relieve pain and shorten the dressing cycle time.

Objective:To estimate the organ doses and effective doses to different-age children during cardiovascular interventional radiological procedures under some specific exposure conditions, and explore the main influencing factors on the doses.Methods:Based on the paediatric reference computational phantoms recommended in the ICRP Publication 143, several specific exposure models of cardiovascular intervention were built, and the Monte Carlocook MCNPX 2.7.0, was used to calculate the organ doses and effective doses for 1-, 5-, 10- and 15-year-old children. To validate the simulation result , an experiment was implemented by putting the thermoluminescent dosimeters in a 5-y old phantom (ATOM 705-D) manufactured by the CIRS Inc. in the USA.Results:Both the height and weight of the reference children for 1-, 5- and 10-year-old provided for by Chinese national standards are nearly in consistency with those recommended by ICRP, and even for the 15-year-old, the maximum relative deviations of the height and weight are only -1.9% and -5.7%, respectively. Under the exposure condition where the focal spot to image receptor distance (SID) was 90 cm, the length of square field of view (FOV) was 30 cm with a dose area product (DAP) of 45 Gy·cm 2, the relative deviations between simulated and measured doses to main organs/tissues within the irradiation filed were within ±6.7%. Under the same exposure conditions, the younger the children, the larger the organ doses and effective doses, and the effective doses could vary by a factor of about 5 among the 4 age groups. The conversion coefficient between the organ dose and the value of DAP was not only closely related to the age of children, but also affected by the FOV. Conclusions:In combination with the paediatric reference computational phantoms and the exposure models of cardiovascular intervention, the Monte Carlo method can be used to calculate the doses to children undergoing cardiovascular interventional radiological procedures. The information on the values of DAP and FOV as well as the directions of projection are needed for more accurate estimation of the exposure doses.

Humans ; Infection ; etiology ; therapy ; Pancreatitis ; complications ; therapy

Objective To construct and screen effective shRNA expression vectors targeting human AQP1 gene ,and evaluate the interference efficiency of the AQP1 shRNA recombinant plasmids ,thus provide basis for further exploration on the effect and mechanism of AQP1 gene on human breast cancer cells .Methods Four pairs of shRNA sequences targeting human AQP1 gene were designed and synthesized ,and then inserted into the GV115 vector .AQP1 shRNA and control shRNA plasmids were trans‐fected into human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells .The expression of AQP1 mRNA and protein were detected by real time PCR(RT‐PCR) and Western blot to evaluate the interfering efficiency .Results RT‐PCR demonstrated that AQP1 was expressed in human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells .Sequencing showed that the shRNA vectors targeting AQP1 were successfully constructed .48 h after the AQP1 shRNA transfection ,AQP1 mRNA and protein expression levels in MCF‐7 cells were reduced to a significant degree ,and the AQP1 shRNA 4 plasmid vector could inhibit the AQP1 most efficiently .Conclusion The AQP1 shRNA recombinant plasmids vectors were successfully constructed and can significantly inhibit the expression of AQP1 in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells .

Objective To investigate and determine the dietary intake level and food source of elements in Kashin-Beck disease(KBD) and non-endemic KBD areas in parts of Aba Autonomous Prefecture , Sichuan Province. Methods Three KBD villages were selected from each county including the counties of Songpan , Jiuzhaigou and Ruoergai in Aba Autonomous Prefecture with multi stage random sampling method in 2010 , and 122 KBD patients who were diagnosed at county-level or higher-level hospitals were selected from villages. One non-KBD village was selected randomly from each county and 43 controls without KBD or other bone and joint disease were selected in proportion to the number of investigated KBD patients. Dietary intake of each object was recorded 24 hours before the survey using a 24 hour dietary survey method and intake of each kind of food(cooked food) was recorded. Three day dietary intake of each surveyed object was recorded in continuous and the average value was calculated. The local resident representative food samples were collected and 20 kinds of elements in these samples were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( ICP-MS ) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES), and daily elements intake was calculated and compared with the relevant intake standards. Results Daily intakes of vegetables and meat were 126.72, 28.25 g, respectively, in patients with KBD. More than 3 times of brick tea was drank by KBD patients than non-KBD people (P<0.05). Per capita daily intakes of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Zn, I, Cu and Co were less than recommended nutrient intake or allowable daily intake in both groups. More than 80% patients with KBD overtook more Al and Pb than tolerable upper intake levels. Conclusion There is a single dietary structure and a serious shortage of a variety of essential elements intake in parts of Aba Autonomous Prefecture, and the dietary intake level of elements is different between two groups.

Objective To observe the effects of atorvastatin and cytokine signaling inhibitor AG490 on the residual liver function and the survival time of 90% hepatectomy rats. Methods Rats were divided randomly into three groups after surgery: control group without treatment; Ato group administrated with atorvastatin (20 mg?kg -1?d -1) through NG tube one day before and three days after the surgery and AG490 group, intraperitoneally given AG490 (1 mg?kg -1?12h -1) beginning intraoperatively for 4 times. The health status and liver regeneration were observed and recorded. Results All rats in control group died within 24 hours. Both atorvastatin and AG490 significantly prolonged the survival time of rats after surgery (25.6 h & 30.6 h vs. 10.7 h,P

Objective To investigate the correlation between the degree of pathogenetic condition and cogni-tive impairment in young OSAHS patients. Methods Sixty-three patients (18～44 years old) were divided into 3 groups according to the assessment criteria regarding the degrees of pathogenetic conditions of hypoxemia and its persistence time: mild group(the lowest SaO2 ≥ 85 %, n = 20 ), moderate group (the lowest SaO2 : 65 ～ 84 %, n =24), and severe group (the lowest SAO2<65%, n= 19). Twenty-five healthy young adults were selected as the control group. All the subjects were tested with event-related potential, namely P300, the polysomnogram and the mini-mental state examination scale(MMSE). Results P300 latency in patients of three OSAHS groups was sig-nificantly prolonged as 326.1±12.7, 346.9±19.1, and 34.9±18.3 ms, as compared with those of control group: 311.9±18.3 ms (P< 0.05, respectively). In severe group, P300 latency was markedly increased compared with mild and moderate groups(P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively). No obvious differences were observed between mild and moderate groups(P=0. 095). The difference of hypoxemia lasting time could influence the P300 latency, such as when the hypoxemia lasting time was 4～60 seconds, the latency was 338. 12±13.7 ms, and when the hypoxemia lasting time increased to 60 ～ 140 s, the latency was prolonged to 354.74±16.7 ms(P = 0. 031 ). There was no difference among all groups in the P300 amplitudes. The MMSE scores for all patients were within normal limits andthere were differences between serve and control group(RA -RB=9. 91, P= 0. 003). Conclusion Among patients with OS-AHS, the impairment of cognitive function is con'anon. The degrees of pathogenetic conditions of hypoxemia and its lasting time may be used to evaluate the impairment degree of cognitive function in patients with OSAHS.

Objective To analyze the misdiagnosis in extraovarian peritoneal carcinoma(EOPC). Methods The clinical manifestation, blood tumor marker, imaging examination, laparotomy, pathology, treatment and prognosis of 19 EOPC patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results The clinical symptoms were abdominal distention, abdominal pain and swelling. 17 cases were tested for blood CA-125 with 15 at abnormaly high level, and in 4 cases ascites was CA-125 positive ( ＞ 10 KU/L). Tumor cells were detected in the ascites in 12 cases. Three cases were misdiagnosed as of uterine origin, 13 cases misdiagnosed as adnexal tumor, 1 case was misdiagnosed as bladder and intestinal tumor. Only 2 cases were correctly diagnosed before the operation. All of the cases were pathologically proved as peritoneal carcinoma. The five-year survival rate was only 20 percent. Conclusions Abdominal distention and pain with unknown causes were the primary manifestations of EOPC, elaborate physical examination sometimes may provide with important information. The significant elevation of serum CA-125 and the ascites cytology may be helpul for the differential diagnosis of PPC. CT scan is valuable for the diagnosis of EOPC.