Standardization of Forensic Sciences is a worldwide judicial topic, with the implementation of judicial reform and the government’s intention on the standardization work, China,the golden age of the establishment of forensic identiifcation standards will becoming. However, the current standards of forensic identiifcation are less in quantity;uneven quality;slow updating; lack of scientiifcity in making standards procession and other issues, leading to the derailment of Forensic work and practice, many projects identiifed lack of identiifed standards. To this end, the authors suggested that a correct understanding of the legal status of forensic identiifcation standards and the presence of errors, committing to build forensic identiifcation standardization.

Objective:The purpose of this paper is to illustrate different diseases that cause this crazy-paving pattern and to correlate the thin-section CT findings with the histopathological findings. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of our radiological computed tomography database was performed from January 2010 until December 2012,searching for patients reported to have a crazy-paving pattern on a thin-section CT of the chest. In total, 83 patients with a crazy-paving pattern were retained and reviewed. Results:The crazy-paving pattern consists of interlobular septal and intralobular interstitial thickening superimposed on an area of ground-glass attenuation on thin-section CT scans. We identified 83 cases that presented with the crazy-paving pattern, inclould infection(bacterial infection n=6,viral infection n=16,fungal infection n=1,and mixed infection n=12); ARDS n=4; acute pulmonary oedema n=3; interstitial lung disease (UIP, NSIP) n=18; adenocarcinomas n=3; lymphangitis carcinomatosis n=3;lymphoma pulmonary infiltration n=2;radiation pneumonitis n=5;sarcoidosis n=1;alveolar proteinosis n=4;alveolar hemorrhage n=4; lipid pneumonia n=1. Conclusion: The crazy-paving pattern on thin-section CT is a non-specific signs, can be seen in infections, tumor, as well as some cryptogenetic diseases. Nevertheless, familiar with these common diseases, allows us to narrow the differential diagnosis, even prompted the diagnosis of certain diseases in the appropriate clinical setting.

?Color vision has been an important part of the human visual function.It is determined by the phytochrome of cone.In many clinical cases of ocular fundus diseases, patients had color vision loss, which shows that color visions tests is necessary and meaningful.At present, doctors have not paid attention to it and adopt the tests rarely. The article summarizes the tests of color in common use and applications on the diagnosis and treatment for common ocular fundus diseases to be a theory basis.

Objective To know the nursing scientific research status in recent years,and to reveal the differences between Chinese nursing scientific researches and foreign nursing scientific researches,in order to promote the rapid development of nursing cause in China.Methods Five Chinese journals of nursing and four foreign nursing journals were analyzed covered China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),PubMed and Google data ranged from 2008 to 2013.By adopting bibliometrics method,regional distribution,the number of people participation,the cooperation between units,the source of financial funding,research content and nature of Chinese nursing research papers were analyzed,and also compared to research content and nature of foreign nursing journals.Results The amounts of published papers were 1 527 pieces.The geographical distribution of research papers were all spread over 28 provinces,autonomous regions sand municipalities directly under the central government,most of which was Guangdong province [12.64％ (193/1 527)];The majority of research papers were completed by single unit and more than five people,which about [68.4％(1 045/1 527)],[38.6％(589/1 527)],respectively;Provincial level of research papers were more than national level [81.4％(1 243/1 527) vs.18.6％(284/1 527)];The papers focused on the clinical nursing research [37.8％(577/1 527)] and clinical basic nursing research [34.6％(529/1 527)].Almost researches were descriptive research,while 40.7％(622/1527) of which were clinical analysis.Foreign nursing scientific researches paid more attention to psychological research and nursing profession which were related to humanities and investigation was major method used;Compared with the foreign nursing papers at the same time,the number of Chinese nursing research papers increased rapidly (P ＜ 0.05);Papers were completed more than five units rapidly increased compared with the pre-upgrade,as well as the national subjects,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The number of nursing research programs tended to increase year by year and the enthusiasm of nurses participating in scientific research was higher than before.Different units needed to further strengthen cooperation in scientific research.The research content and direction were diversity,which had not yet formed central tendency.The research method was still limited to descriptive studies,and the creativity of the research methods was needed,especially laboratory research.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of modification and care improvement in endotracheal tubes (ETTs) to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV).Methods PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched,literature information was extracted and classified according to the inclusion criteria,the data were statistically analyzed.Results Totally 46 clinical research articles and 6 laboratory research articles were involved,the data showed that polyurethane (PU) cuff [23.809％ (35/147)],silver-coated ETTs [4.830％ (37/766)],subglottic drainage duct [19.492％ (759/3 894)],discontinuous subglottic drainage[13.603％ (256/1 882)] were associated with a decreased incidence of VAP compared with polyvinyl (PVC) cuff [40.179％ (45/112)],non-silver-coated ETTs [7.537％ (56/743)],conventional ETTs[45.733％ (1 088/2 379)],continuous subglottic drainage [25.000％ (503/2 012)],the differences in the incidence of VAP were statistically significant,respectively,P＜ 0.05.The incidence of VAP in cylindrical PU cuff was 25.000％ (8/32),the tapered PU cuff was 21.875％ (7/32),the difference in the incidence of VAP was not statistically significant.Conclusions The modification of the ETTs and the care improvement can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP.

Along with the application and development of the assisted reproductive technology in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,the emergence of frozen embryos in the law,medicine,and ethics area are gradually increased.Two-child policy makes more older couples choose assisted reproductive technology,which will cause more disputes about frozen embryos.There is no unified conclusion of the legal status of human embryos,and there exists three main views of embryos namely property,person and intermediate state.Defined the legal status of frozen embryos as ethical substance,this paper analyzed the main position and possible legal and ethical issues involved in the disposal of frozen embryos through three typical cases.

Objective To compare the efficacy of antibiotic lock technique (ALT)and systemic medication on the treatment of central venous catheter-related infection(CRI).Methods Catheters which had been formed bacterial biofilm in vitro were implanted into the central venous of rabbits,and rabbits were randomly divided into two groups,catheter group received the injection of mixture of antibiotics and heparin,systemic group received intra-muscular injection of antibiotics and intraductal injection of heparin solution.Medicine was given continuously for 10 days,catheter blood and peripheral venous blood were taken every day before replacing the medicine,bacterial colo-ny counts were detected.All rabbits stopped using antibiotics on day 11,then removed catheters after a 5-day ob-servation of catheterization.Before extubation,the catheter blood and peripheral blood were collected to perform bacterial colony counting and antimicrobial susceptibility testing,and removed catheters were performed catheter tip bacterial culture and observation of biofilm.Results During the medication period,the average bacterial counts of catheter blood in catheter group at different time were all lower than systemic group,difference was statistically sig-nificant(all P < 0.05);from the 4th day,the catheter group gradually appeared positive specimens of peripheral blood culture(a total of 6 cases),and systemic group appeared positive specimens on the second day(a total of 31 ca-ses).During medicine withdrawal period,bacterial counts of catheter blood in two groups on the day of extubation were both higher than those on the day of medicine withdrawal,differences were both statistically significant(both P<0.05).On the day of medicine withdrawl,2 cases in catheter group and 8 cases in systemic group were isolated bacteria from peripheral blood;there was no new positive specimens in catheter group on the day of extubation,but there was 1 new positive specimen in systemic group.Catheter tip bacterial count in systemic group was higher than catheter group ([8.02±0.05]log10 CFU/mL vs [3.12±0.14]log10 CFU/mL,t =26.82,P <0.05).33.33% of specimens in catheter group could be observed scattered biofilm,while all specimens of systemtic group were cov-ered by biofilm.Bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of catheter blood and peripheral blood be-fore extubation revealed that diameter of the zone of inhibition in catheter group ranged 19-20 mm,in systemic group ranged 15 - 16 mm,bacteria from two groups were all sensitive to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Conclusion In the treatment of central venous CRI,the effect of ALT on local clearance of bacteria is better than that of systemic administration,and it can significantly reduce systemic infection.However,if bacterial biofilm in the catheter is not completely cleared,infection can still relapse after medicine withdrawal.Therefore,accurate dos-age and medication time is worthy of further quantitative study.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of microevolution on phenotypes and drug resistance of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm. Methods:The standard strain of Trichosporon asahii was obtained from the Fungal Biodiversity Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the fluconazole-sensitive primary strain (TO) of Trichosporon asahii was isolated from a case of trichosporonosis diagnosed in the Department of Dermatology, the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese People′s Liberation Army General Hospital in 2000, and the fluconazole-resistant evolved strain (TEVO) of Trichosporon asahii was isolated from the above patient in 2014. Biofilms of the above-mentioned strains were formed in vitro, and tetrazolium salt XTT reduction assay was performed to evaluate growth kinetics of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to determine the thickness of the biofilm; the sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations (SMICs) of fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole against the biofilms at different growth stages were determined in vitro for the evaluation of the resistance of the biofilms. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparisons among multiple groups, and Hartley test for testing homogeneity of variance. If the variance was homogeneous, least significant difference test was used for multiple comparisons; if the variance was heterogeneous, Tamhane′ T2 test was used for multiple comparisons. Results:In the adhesion (0 h) and formation stages (4- 24 hours) of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm, the metabolic activity of the evolved strain TEVO was the weakest (adhesion stage: F = 35.705, P < 0.001; formation stage: F = 15.042, P < 0.001) . At 48 hours after adhesion, the biofilms matured, and the TO strain showed the weakest metabolic activity ( F = 10.985, P < 0.001) . In the maturation stage, the biofilm thickness of the TEVO strain (26.1 ± 1.18 μm) was significantly higher than that of the TO strain (22.8 ± 1.73 μm, P = 0.001) , but significantly lower than that of the standard strain (29.5 ± 1.28 μm, P = 0.001) . As drug susceptibility testing showed, the SMICs of azole antifungal agents against the TEVO strain were higher than those against the TO strain in the adhesion and formation stages of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm, and the SMICs of azole antifungal agents against the biofilms of the 3 strains of Trichosporon asahii were all over 1 024 mg/L in the maturation stage of the biofilm. Conclusion:Under the dual pressure of host environment and antifungal drugs, adaptive changes took place in the phenotypes of the Trichosporon asahii biofilm with an increase in the resistance to azole antifungal drugs.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of hydrotherapy in the treatment of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).Methods:The China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang databases, CQVIP databases, PubMed and the Cochrane library were electronically searched for reports published before November 2018 of randomized and controlled trials (RCTs) of hydrotherapy for treating children with spastic CP. Two researchers screened the literature independently, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. The meta-analysis was performed using version 5.3 of the RevMan software.Results:A total of 6 RCTs were included, covering 464 patients. It was found that hydrotherapy combined with conventional rehabilitation was significantly more effective than conventional rehabilitation alone.Conclusions:It has been proved that hydrotherapy can improve the symptoms of children with spastic CP, relieve their spasticity and promote better motor function.

In this article, we introduce the principle, describe the utilization and discuss the future development of three-dimensional printing technology for manufacturing artificial organs.
Artificial Organs ; Humans ; Printing, Three-Dimensional