The discipline evaluation criterion of higher education concerns the ownership of discipline of higher education.In our country,high pedagogy is a discipline,which requires that the higher education in our country should not be assessed by the western established classical discipline evaluation.Instead,higher pedagogy of our country should accord with the actual condition of our country and meet the society's needs.It must be based on the premise of realizing key element of discipline correctly,realizing localization of discipline evaluation criterion,and constructing the discipline theoretical system of high pedagogy with Chinese characteristics.

Objectives:To understand the patients' cognition and satisfaction with public welfare in public hospitals.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 600 patients in Beijing municipal public hospitals and the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 22.0.Results:Patients' understanding of public welfare was not ideal,the satisfaction was quite well,and the satisfaction of the patients in the experimental hospitals was more satisfactory than those in non-experimental hospitals.The patients have urgent needs on rational drug use,mutual recognition of medical results,smooth channels of patient rights,reduced medical expense and shortened waiting time.Conclusions:It should strengthen the publicity and governance of the public welfare of public hospitals to enhance the patients' understanding,breakthrough the urgent needs of public welfare to improve patients' satisfaction,and intensify the policy linkage and explore diversified implement forms of public welfare to improve service level.

Cysteine protease inhibitor SN (Cystatin SN) is a secretory protein encoded by CST1,with the promotion of cell senescence and apoptosis activity,playing an important role in the regulation of proteolytic activity.Many studies have found that Cystatin SN is abnormally expressed in various kinds of tumors,and is closely related with the tumorigenesis and progression.Cystatin SN may play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors.

Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor) is a kind of serpin.Many studies have characterized it as a tumor suppressor based on its ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis,increase adhesion between tumor cells and ECM,inhibit tumor cell invasion and distant metastasis and promote apoptosis.In recent years,some studies have found maspin expresses high in some cancers,such as in mammary cancer and prostate cancer,while in some other cancers,such as in pancreatic cancer,maspin expression level shows high.The expression levels and biological functions of maspin in different organs still need further study.

Objective:To investigate the correlation of ABCB1 polymorphisms and the synergistic effect of Wuzhi capsules on ta-crolimus. Methods:The ABCB11236C>T(rs1128503), ABCB12677G>T/A(rs2032582) and ABCB13435C>T(rs1045642) genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP) analysis. The whole blood levels of tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients were measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA) was per-formed to determine the difference of tacrolimus C0/D among the various groups. Results: Whether co-administeration of Wuzhi cap-sules and tacrolimus or not, tacrolimus C0/D of ABCB11236C>T, ABCB12677G>T/A and ABCB13435C>T genotype and haplo-type was without significant difference. Conclusion:When combined with Wuzhi capsules, ABCB11236C>T, ABCB12677G>T/A and ABCB13435C>T mutation is not associated with tacrolimus C0/D.

Sclerosing cholangitis includes a spectrum of chronic, variably progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and stricture of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Sclerosing cholangitis can be divided into primary sclerosing cholangitis of unidentified etiology and secondary sclerosing cholangitis caused by various identifiable etiologies, including immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, ischemic cholangitis, acquired immunodeficiency syndromerelated cholangitis and eosinophilic cholangitis. In this article, we describe the imaging findings of the various spectrums of sclerosing cholangitis with anemphasis on a systemic approach in differential diagnosis. It is very important for magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic cholangiography in imaging diagnosis and differential diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis. We also discuss the clinical significance and therapeutic options for treating sclerosing cholangitis.

Objective To observe the relation between functions of vessels of lower extremities and TCM syndromes differentiation in diabetes patients. Methods Totally 168 diabetics of Type II were differentiated into 5 syndromes, i.e. 29 cases of yin deficiency with excessive heat, 41 cases of qi and yin deficiency, 30 cases of yin and yang deficiency, 37 cases of blood stasis in channels, and 31 cases of damp heat affecting the spleen, and 26 healthy people were involved in the control group. The peripheral vessel diagnostic system was adopted to get the toe photoplethysmogram (PPG) and ankle brachial index (ABI) to observe the blood perfusion of limb terminals and the functional state of lower limb arteries. The relation between function of vessels of lower extremities and TCM syndrome was analyzed. Results All the diabetic groups were related with the arterial blood supply of toe terminals. Diabetes was the main risk factor in affecting the terminal blood supply (P

Objective To clarify the influence of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) upon glutamate receptor (GluR) and GABA A receptor positive structures in the nucleus tract solitary (NTS) of the kainate (KA) induced epileptic rat. Methods All rats were divided into KA group, vagus nerve stimulation+KA group and the control group. The sections of the caudel medullary oblongata from each rat of every group were collected into 5 sets. The first and second sets of the sections were used to process for immunohistochemical staining by using specific rabbit and mouse antibodies against GluR5 and GABA AR and to observe the changes of GluR5 and GABA AR positive structures in the NTS. The third to fifth sets of the sections were used for control tests and Nissl′s staining. Results (1) In control group, medium density of GluR5 like immunoreactive (GluR5 LI) and GABA A receptor ? chain (GABA AR?) LI neuronal cell bodies, fibers and terminals were observed in the NTS; (2) In KA group, the density of GluR5 LI positive structures were increased, while the density of GABA AR? LI positive structures were decreased; (3) In VNS+KA group, the changes were contrary to the KA group, showing, the density of GluR5 LI positive structures were decreased, and the density of GABA AR? LI positive structures increased. Conclusion Glutamate and GABA A receptors in NTS might play important roles in KA induced epilepsy and in anti epileptic effects of VNS.

The liver specific contrast agent gadolinium ethoxybenzyldiethylenetriaminepe ntaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is routinely used in clinical magnetic resonance imaging. It combines assessment of tissue perfusion during the vascular phase with hepatocyte specific imaging during the hepatobiliary phase. This combination of imaging properties has been shown to provide excellent results in the detection and differentiation of liver lesions. The enhancement characteristics of Gd-EOB-DTPA in hepatocellular carcinoma, regenerative nodules and degenerated nodules were summarized in this review. Liver cell specific contrast agent can further improve the diagnostic ability.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has become one of the most common liver diseases in the world.Considering the important role of insulin resistance in its pathogenic mechanisms,insulin sensitizers are becoming the promising pharmacological strategies for NAFLD.We collected and analyzed the relevant articles in recent years and found that pioglitazone,rosiglitazone and metformin could improve liver enzymes and insulin sensitivity of NAFLD.However,only pioglitazine was supported in ameliorating liver histology by envidences from randomized,double-blinded,controlled clinical trials.There were no much obvious adverse effects in NAFLD patients who received insulin senitizers.Small or medium samples and no more than 2 years of treatment course may be the major limitation of current studies.Future information derived from well-designed running trials will be useful in defining the clinical implications of insulin sensitizers in the treatment of NAFLD.