To identity the pathogen that causes the mosaic and yellowing symptoms on Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz in Jiangxian, Shanxi province, biological inoculation, sequence-independent amplification (SIA),RT-PCR and other identification methods were used. The results showed that the chlorotic and necrosis symptoms occurred in the indicator plant Chenopodium quinoa after it was infected with the pathogen,and the same symptoms appeared after the reinoculation of healthy Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; this reflected that the disease was likely to be caused by a virus. The results of SIA and sequencing showed that Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) was present in severely mosaic Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz leaves. To further characterize the BBWV2 isolate from Atractylodes macrocephala (BBWV2-Am), the polyprotein partial gene encoded by BBWV2-Am RNA2 was cloned and sequenced. Sequence alignments showed that the nucleotide sequence identity of BBWV2-Am SCP and LCP genes ranged from 79.3% to 87.2% and from 80.1% to 89.2% compared to other BBWV2 strains,respectively; the deduced amino acid sequence similarities of the two gene products ranged from 91.2% to 95.7% and from 89.44 to 95.5%, respectively,compared to those of other BBWV2 strains. Phylogenetic comparisons showed that BBWV2-Am was most likely to be related to BBWV2-Rg,but formed an independent branch. This is the first report of BBWV2 in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Atractylodes ; virology ; Fabavirus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases ; virology ; Sequence Analysis ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

ObjectiveTo investigate the preventive effects of rosiglitazone on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats and to explore the potential mechanisms in modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ),nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB),and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression.Methods Thirty male SD rats were assigned into the normal group ( n =10),the model group ( n =10),rosiglitazone prevention group [ n =10,simultaneously 4mg/( kg · d) gavage daily at beginning].Liver appearance,liver index,and histological changes were assessed.Serum tumor necrosis factor-o (TNF-c) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expressions of PPARγ,NF-κB,and COX-2 in liver were determined using immunohistochemical methods.The mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2 were disclosed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.ResultsCompared with the normal group,the liver index significantly increased in model group (3.92 ±0.72 vs.5.71 ± 1.05,P =0.004).HE and Masson staining showed significantly increased steatosis,inflammation,and fibrosis.The serum levels of TNF-α,PGE2 in high-fat-diet-fed rats were significantly increased ( 11.72 ± 2.47 vs.29.39 ± 5.32,P =0.002 ; 236.60 ± 24.90vs.288.24 ± 17.17,P =0.004).Immunohistochemistry showed NF-κB and COX-2 in livers were significantly elevated,but PPARγ wasdecreased in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis rats.Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot found mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2 were increased in the model group (0.57 ± 0.08 vs.2.83 ± 0.24,P =0.0007 ; 0.38 ± 0.03 vs.1.00 ± 0.03,P =0.004).Compared with the model group,the expressions of PPARγsignificantly increased and the expressions of NF-κB and COX-2 significantly decreased ( mRNA:2.83 ± 0.24 vs.0.46 ± 0.11,P =0.002 ; protein: 1.00 ± 0.03 vs.0.62 ± 0.02,P =0.006 ) in the rosiglitazone prevention group.ConclusionBy inhibiting NF-κB and COX-2 expressions,rosiglitazone can reduce insulin resistance and then prevent the occurrence and deve lopment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Robotic catheter minimally invasive operation requires that the driver control system has the advantages of quick response, strong anti-jamming and real-time tracking of target trajectory. Since the catheter parameters of itself and movement environment and other factors continuously change, when the driver is controlled using traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID), the controller gain becomes fixed once the PID parameters are set. It can not change with the change of the parameters of the object and environmental disturbance so that its change affects the position tracking accuracy, and may bring a large overshoot endangering patients' vessel. Therefore, this paper adopts fuzzy PID control method to adjust PID gain parameters in the tracking process in order to improve the system anti-interference ability, dynamic performance and tracking accuracy. The simulation results showed that the fuzzy PID control method had a fast tracking performance and a strong robustness. Compared with those of traditional PID control, the feasibility and practicability of fuzzy PID control are verified in a robotic catheter minimally invasive operation.
Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; Fuzzy Logic ; Humans ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Robotics

Cancer is one of the main diseases that threaten the health of human.In order to increase the cure rate of cancer,the accurate therapy of cancer must be developed speedily.The most effective method for curing cancer is intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT),which can increase the local control rate of cancer and decrease complications of tissues.IMRT is considered to be an important breakthrough in cancer therapy.The dose produced by it is better than 3D-CRT and can achieves better results of therapy,which has been confirmed in the clinical therapies of head cancer,neck cancer,prostate cancer,breast cancer,cervical cancer and pancreas cancer etc.The developing course of IMRT,the methods of intensity modulation,the enforcement process of IMRT and the feasibility test of therapy plans are emphatically introduced.

Objective To elucidate cerebral cortical response to esophageal acid exposure in normal individuals by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the characteristics of activity. Methods Fifteen volunteers were received intraesophageal perfusion with either 0.9% of sodium chloride or acid (0.1 mmol/L HC1) solutions. The modified block-design model of fMRI scanning was performed simultaneously. All of 32 minutes were needed for resting (A, 8 minutes), 0.9% of sodium chloride perfusion (B,8 minutes), acid perfusion (C,8 minutes) and 0.9% of sodium chloride perfusion again (D,8 minutes). Each chunk was consisted of 160 scans and every scan contained 3 seconds. Six hundred and forty scans were collected in all. The clinical response to esophageal acid exposure was observed and the changes in the cerebral regions was statistically analyzed. Results After perfusion of 0.9% of sodium chloride or acid, 10 out of 15 volunteers had chemosensitive complaints, such as pain in pars laryngen pharyngis, heartburn and chest complaint. The initial active domains involved deutocerebrum, anterior part of callosal gyrus, left side of insula, two sides of amygdale and subiculum hippocampi, two outers of forehead cortex. The provoked regions of acid perfusion (C-A) and 0.9% of sodium chloride perfusion again (D-A) were as same as that of the activated domains by initial perfusion of 0.9% sodium chloride (B-A). The intensity and amplitude of most provoked regions increased gradually(D-A> B-A, P< 0.01). Conclusions The two different stimulations of saline and acid provoke similar cerebral regions that may act in the regulation of esophageal sensitivity. There are the evidences of the central mechanism of esophageal visceral hypersensitivity by acid perfusion.

Objective: To explore the clinical presentation and therapy of primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (PCALCL). Methods:We reviewed and analyzed six cases of PCALCL who were treated at our hospital from January 2009 to Decem-ber 2012. Results:The subjects were three males and three females with a median age of 54 years old (range:38 years to 60 years). Three patients had a single subcutaneous nodule and three had multiple nodules. The subcutaneous lesions appeared red, solid, and sta-ble nodules. Some patients developed pruritus around the lesions, or developed more nodules, which coalesced with other nodules. Some of the lesions exhibited partial spontaneous regression and new nodules appeared at the same site or at different sites. Finally, the lesions changed color from red to brown. The surfaces of some lesions developed ulcerations. Only 1 case had superficial lymph node metastasis. Three cases with single lesions received surgical excision plus radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiochemotherapy;all three cases survived and achieved complete remission. The three cases with multiple lesions mainly received systemic chemotherapy, with two of the cases recurring and one surviving with complete remission. The median follow-up was 24 months (range: 11 months to 35 months), with a progression free survival of 66.7%and an overall survival of 100%. Conclusion:Surgical excision or radiotherapy provides satisfactory control in patients with single lesions. Chemotherapy may be prescribed to patients with multiple lesions or with extracutaneous metastasis.

Objective To compare the efficacy, toxicity and later period complications of Cf-252 neutron intracavitary brachytherapy(IBT) combined with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with those of EBRT alone in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Methods Eighty-six patients were randomized into 252Cf neutron IBT and EBRT group (intracavitary group: 43 patients) and EBRT alone group (external group:43 patients). The external group was treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3DCRT) or conventional radiotherapy of 70 Gy in 7.0 weeks using Elekta Precise medical linear accelerator. The EBRT in intraeavitary group was as same as external group, except the total dose was decreased to 60 Gy in 6.5 weeks. For IBT, the applicator with special water bursa was settled to the esophageal lesion through the mouth. The dose calculation point was 10 mm far away from the source and 1-2 em cranial-caudally from the tumor margin. 252Cf braehytherapy was delivered 3-4 fractions at 4 Gy per fraction per week. In intracavitary group, EBRT was begun on the second day of IBT. EBRT and IBT were not given on the same day. Results After the treatment,the esophageal stricture was relieved earlier in intracavitary group than external group.Six patients in intracavitary group who had drinking obstruction symptom could eat liquid food after esophageal balloon dilation, one fraction of 252 Cf neutron IBT and 5-6 days of EBRT, and could eat semiliquid food two weeks after. In the third month, the complete response rate, partial response rate and no response rate were 33%, 67% and 0% in i ntracavitary group and 19% ,76% and 5% in external group, respectively. The overall response rates of the two groups were 100% and 95% ( χ2 = 4.32, P ＜ 0.05 ). The 1 -year local control rates were 84% and 70% (χ2 =4.57 ,P ＜0.05). The 1-year survival rates were 81% and 61% (χ2 =4.17,P ＜0.05 ). The rates of acute esophageal toxicity was 61% and 51% ( χ2 = 1.75,P ＞ 0.05 ). The acute radiation esophagitis was slightly higher in "BZ ]intracavitary group than that in external group, but the difference was insignificant. The late esophageal-cardiac stricture had no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions 252 Cf-252 neutron IBT plus EBRT, without increasing the toxicity,are better than EBRT alone.

The structure and 5-HT immunoreactivity in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of three beetles, Ambrostoma quadriimpressum, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata and Oxycetonia jucunda, were first studied by means of colophony-paraffin embedding serial section technique and strepteavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method. The results showed that the brains of these three taxonomically closely related beetles were remarkably different in composition and size. Mushroom bodies and antennal lobes in Oxycetonia jucunda were conspicuous. Calyces and lobes of the mushroom bodies.were much developed. In contrast, calyces of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum and Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata were extremely undeveloped. However, the postretinal fibres and circumpharyngeal nerves of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum were highly developed. In the three beetles, 5-HT immunoreactivity was present in all neuropils of the brain and the suboesophageal ganglion. The pattern of 5-HT immunoreactivity and the localization of immunoreactive somata which often clustered into groups were similar among these beetles, while the immunoreactivity intensity was distinct, especially in the lamina. The results suggest that the three beetles have given rise to adaptive radiation under the evolutionary pressure because of the long-term different life styles and living environments in which the taxonomic status of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum is relatively low. The similarity of the pattern of 5-HT immunoreactivity and localization of some positive somata among the three beetles raise the possibility that 5-HT seemes to serve similar physiological function in different insects. Furthermore, 5-HT might be involved in modulating the ingestion by regulating muscular activity and visual sensitivity.

AIM: To study the time-dependent effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the development of cardiac remodeling in untreated streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: The left anterior descending coronary arteries were ligated 10 weeks after DM induction without any therapy. Transmission electron microscopy, echocardiography, heart weight to tibial length ratios, histological examination, microarray analysis, and real time-PCR were utilized to monitor the changes up to 56 d. RESULTS: After MI, the diabetic rats experienced lower survival rate compared to non-diabetic animals. The pathophysiologic changes indicated that DM accelerated the cardiac remodeling post-infarction. In primary examination, 164 genes related to cardiac remodeling were found to be candidates for hierarchical analysis, such as leucine-rich PPR-motif containing (interleukin-6 signaling pathway), procollagen type I and III, fibronectin-1, RT1, and TIMP-1, etc. The gene expression profile at 14 d in diabetic rats were comparably similar to both 14 d and 28 d in non-diabetic rats, while such changes at 28 d and 56 d in diabetic rats was also similar to the ones at 56 d in non-diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: The accelerated cardiac remodeling of post-infarction in STZ-induced untreated diabetic rats seems be associated with the different profile of gene expressions.

Objective To evaluate the impact of rosiglitazone (Ros) on liver expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ),nuclear factor (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats.Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal group,model group and Ros treated group with 10 each.Except the normal group,the other two groups were given high fat diet for 12 weeks for NASH model.The rats in Ros treated group were gavaged 4 mg/kg of Ros daily at the 12th week for 8 weeks.All rats were sacrificed at the 20th week for blood sample and liver tissue.Biochemical parameters of liver function,lipid metabolism,glycometabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured.The histological change of the liver were assessed with HE and Masson staining.The level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured using ELISA.The expression of PPARγ,NF-κB and COX-2 was detected with immunohistochemistry.The mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2 were tested by real-time PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Results In comparison with model group,Ros treated group showed significant improvement in hepatic steatosis,inflammation and fibrosis(all P value<0.05).In model group,the serum levels of fasting blood glucose,insulin and HOMA-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IRI),total cholesterol (TC),total triglyeride (TG),lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and free fatty acids were increased,but HDL-C level was decreased.All above parameters markedly improved after Ros treatment.The levels of ALT and AST,total anti-oxidation competence,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde in Ros treated group were significantly ameliorated when compared with those in model group.Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of NF-κB and COX-2 was significantly elevated,but PPARγ was decreased in model group.Real-time PCR and Western blot revealed that the mRNA and protein expressions of COX-2 were higher in the model group than those in normal group (0.57±0.08 vs 0.38±0.03;2.83±0.24 vs 1.00±0.03,P=0.000 and P=0.004,respectively),but significantly lower in Ros treated group (0.55±0.06 and 1.84±0.13,P<0.01).Conclusions Ros can reduce oxidative stress and insulin resistance in NASH rats by activing PPARγ expression and inhibiting expression of NF-κB and cyclooxygenases.