Objective To compare the sedative efficacy with oral or rectal chloral hydrate in pediatric patients by using Meta-analysis method.Methods Ten randomized controlled trials about the sedative efficacy with oral or rectal chloral hydrate in pediatric patients were retrieved.Meta-analysis was carried out using the RevMan 5.0 software.Results The results showed that the sedative efficacy with rectal medication was better than that with oral way.Nausea and vomiting occurred in 95 children with oral chloral hydrate,bowel movement occurred in 57 children with rectal chloral hydrate.Conclusions The sedative efficacy with rectal chloral hydrate was better than that with oral way.The safety in pediatric sedation with chloral hydrate should be emphasized in order to avoid adverse reaction.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the characteristics of MRI of common hepatic lesions by using measurement of T1,T2 and ADC on the MRI and DWI. MethodsMRI and DWI were obtained in 100 patients with common hepatic lesions, and T1,T2,ADCs and the ratios of the ADC of lesion/liver were estimated. (Results)Average T1,T2 and ADCs of hepatic lesions were as follows: hepatocellular carcinoma, (843.92167.75) ms , (73.9014.21) ms and(0.990.26)10~(-3)mm~2/s respectively; hepatic (metastasis), (946.89186.13) ms, (76.3919.76) ms and(1.170.32)10~(-3)mm~2/s (respectively); hepatic cavernous hemangioma, (1102.33213.12)ms, (142.3228.51) ms and (1.810.42)10~(-3)mm~2/s respectively; hepatic cyst, (1516.32617.84)ms ,(247.33112.52)ms and (3.110.38)10~(-3)mm~2/s respectively. The ratio of the ADC of lesion/liver:(hepatocellular) carcinoma was 0.890.17, and significantly lower than the ratio of hepatic metastases((1.27)0.21, P

Objective To investigate several related problems possibly affecting the measurement results in the experiment of 125I-FSH in vitro cells uptake by domestic GC-1200 gamma RIA counter.Methods Before entering the measuring room,the sample was performed the background measurement.CPM measured in the different locations of same measurement frame and the different locations in unmeasured area were performed the statistical comparison.Results In high count,the influence of single sample reaching 1.9 ×106CPM on the adjacent low counting tube count was 7%;its influence on low counting tube count in adjacent detector was 7.33%;all samples were arranged from high to low order and the high count sample holder was placed on the measured location close to the detector,its influence on low counting tube count was 5.33%.Conclusion The domestic GC-1200 γ RIA counter is suitable for the measurement of the in vitro cell uptake experiment of 125I nuclear labeling.

Objective To document the MRI features of renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) containing minimal fat and to explore whether the MR features vary depending on the tumor size. Methods The MR findings of 15 cases of pathologically-proved RAML containing minimal fat were reviewed retrospectively from January 2008 to March 2010. All patients underwent MR in a 1.5 T or 3.0 T scanners. The MR features of the lesions were analyzed, with emphasis on the signal intensity and homogeneity on T2WI, in regards to pseudocapsule, lipid component, hemorrhage, cystic degeneration or necrosis, blood vessels, interface with renal parenchyma and enhancement pattern. All lesions were categorized into 2 groups; those with diameter ＞4 cm and those with diameter ≤4 cm. The difference of imaging characteristics between these two groups was analyzed using Fisher exact test. Results All 15 lesions demonstrated hypointensity on T2WI compared to the renal parenchyma. Homogeneous signal intensity on T2WI was seen in 6 lesions (6/15); peritumoral pseudocapsule in 3 lesions (3/15); cystic degeneration or necrosis, hemorrhage in 5 lesions (5/15); flow void of blood vessels in 2 lesions (2/15); lipid component in 4 lesions (4/15); angular interface with renal parenchyma in 10 lesions (10/15); homogeneous enhancement in 8 lesions (8/15). Fifteen lesions were divided into two groups; 9 categorized into group 1 (the maximum diameter ≤ 4 cm) and 6 into group 2 ( the maximum diameter ＞ 4 cm). Cystic degeneration or necrosis was seen in 0 of 9 in group one and 5 of 6 in group two respectively, hemorrhage(0 of 9 and 5 of 6 respectively) and pseudocapsule(0 of 9 and 3 of 6 respectively. The difference between these findings in the two groups demonstrated statistical significance (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion The MR features of RAML containing miminal fat were hypointensity on T2 WI,angular interface with renal parenchyma and homogeneous contrast enhancement, however, these findings can vary depending on the tumor size.

Objective:To investigate the effects of hydrogen rich-saline (HRS) on intestinal mucosal barrier in rat with intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IIRI).Methods:Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8 weeks, were randomly divided into 3 groups (8 in each group) by random number table method: sham group, model group and HRS group.Rats in HRS group were intraperitoneally injected with HRS (10 mL/kg) at 30 min of ischemia, and the same amount of normal saline was intraperitoneally injected in model group.After 45 min of ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion, rats were sacrificed.Serum and ileum were collected for further detection.Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)- 1β and IL-17A expression levels in serum were detected by conducting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The localization expressions of tight junction protein Occludin was detected by immunohistochemical staining (IHC), while the localization expression of tight junction protein zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) were detected by immunofluorescence staining (IF). The protein expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and Lysozyme were detected by performing Western blot.The mRNA expression of Lysozyme and α-defensin were detected by real-time PCR (qPCR).Results:ELISA results proved that the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β in HRS group rats were significantly lower than those in model group [(62.02±29.97) ng/L vs.(113.40±44.58) ng/L, (21.68±0.35) ng/L vs.(28.29±3.49) ng/L], while the level of IL-17A increased [(28.18±5.28) ng/L vs. (15.10±3.60) ng/L] (all P<0.05). IHC staining: compared with model group, the expression of Occludin in HRS group was uniform and continuous, and the staining was darker.IF results: compared with model group, the fluorescence signal intensity of ZO-1 in HRS group rats significantly increased, and the distribution was clear and continuous.Wes-tern blot results: compared with model group, the expression levels of Occludin and ZO-1 proteins in HRS group rats remarkably increased (0.79±0.06 vs. 0.54±0.04, 0.91±0.11 vs. 0.51±0.13), while Lysozyme protein decreased (1.50±0.40 vs. 2.99±0.80) (all P<0.05). qPCR results revealed that the expression level of Lysozyme mRNA in HRS group rats was lower than that in model group (1.64±0.33 vs. 2.20±0.40), while α-defensin mRNA obviously increased (0.82±0.19 vs. 0.47±0.13) (all P<0.01). Conclusions:HRS protects intestinal mucosal barrier by inhibiting the expression of tight junctions and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides in rat suffering from IIRI.

Objective To investigate status of macrolide resistance and determine molecular mechanisms in Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Nethods All of 370 throat swab specimens were cultured to isolate Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates were identified by nested PCR for specific 16SrRNA gene.Antibiotic susceptibility test was done to identify acrolide resistant strains.23SrRNA gene wag amplified by nested PCR followed by direct automatic sequencing method.The DNA sequences were compared to the sequence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129(accession no.X68422)to find molecular mechanisms of drug resistance.Results Fifty clinical strains were isolated from 370 specimens.Of 50 strains.4 strains were susceptible to macrulide,46 strains were macrolide resistant with the percentage of 92%.MICs of resistant strains to erythromycin.Azithromycin and josamycin were elevated.The sequence of 23SrRNA gene in 4 Susceptible strains and the reference strain FH was identical to Mycoplagma pneumoniae gene in GenBank.46 resistant strains arbored a point mutation respectively,among them,40 strains had all A to G transition at position 2063.1 strain had an A to C transition at position 2063,the other five strains showed an A to G transition at position 2064.Conclusions Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae iS very serious health conceru.The point mutation in 23SrRNA.Xpecailly predominant position 2063 mutation contributed to the macrolide resistance in Mycoplagma pneumoniae.The MICs of resistant strains to erythromycin,azithromycin and iosamycin are much higher than Mycoplasma pneumoniae reference strain FH.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years in 2014, and explore related influencing factors. Methods: This study recruited 106 881 Han students aged 13-18 years who had taken physical fitness test from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2014. After the exclusion of 1 047 students without complete records of physical fitness test, 105 834 students were included in the final analysis. According to the National Student Physical Health Standard modified in 2014, seven indicators including body mass index, vital capacity, 50-m run, sit-and-reach, standing broad jump, pull-ups/curl-ups and endurance run were tested to calculate the total score of students' physical fitness. Students with score ≥60 were regarded as qualified students. Multivariate non-conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze influencing factors of physical fitness. Results: Among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years, the total score was 70.1±10.7 and the qualified rate was 83.9% (n=88 813). Boys (83.5% (44 197/52 910)) had a lower qualified rate of physical fitness than girls (84.3% (44 616/52 924)) (P<0.001), and 13-15 age group (86.5% (46 255/53 465)) was higher than the 16–18 age group (81.3% (42 558/52 369)) (P<0.001). Except for 16–18-year-old boys from central region, normal body mass index, eastern region, good socioeconomic status, enough PE class, exercise time ≥1 h/d, homework time ≥2 h/d, TV time <1 h/d were all related to high qualified rates of physical fitness (P<0.05). Conclusion Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years were in good physical condition. The qualified rates of physical fitness were significantly different by gender and age groups. Nutritional status, region, socioeconomic status, PE class, exercise time per day, homework time per day, and TV time per day were related factors of physical fitness.

Objective: To discuss the main causes and risk factors of disability and death among current Chinese adolescents. Methods: Subnational data of China from Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) was used to rank the causes and risk factors leading to death and disability adjusted life years (DALY) in Chinese adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years old, and thereby to analyze the main cauese and risk factors of death and DALY among Chinese adolescents in different genders. Results: In 2015, among Chinese adolescents aged 10-19 years old, the total DALY was 13 million 490 thousand years, and the total number of deaths was 63 258 cases. The top 3 causes of DALY were skin and subcutaneous diseases, iron-deficiency anemia and road injuries, resulting in DALY (constituent ratio) of 1 411 (10.5%), 1 094 (8.1%) and 1 029 (7.6%) thousand years respectively. The top 3 causes of death were road injuries, drowning and leukemia, causing 13 881 (21.9%), 9 895 (15.6%) and 4 620 (7.3%) deaths (constituent ratio) respectively. The top 3 risk factors of DALY were iron deficiency, alcohol use and drug use, causing 1 094 (8.1%), 487 (3.6%) and 220 thousand years (1.6%) DALY (constituent ratio) respectively. The top 3 risk factors of death were alcohol use, occupational injuries and drug use, causing 5 957 (9.4%), 1 523 (2.4%) and 810 (1.3%) deaths respectively. Conclusion Unintentional injury was the top cause of DALY and death in Chinese adolescents, followed by skin and subcutaneous diseases and iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency and alcohol use were the top two risk factors of DALY and death.

Background: During hot environment work tasks with whole-body enclosed anti-bioaerosol suit, the combined effect of heavy sweating and exhaled hot humid air may cause the N95 medical respirator to saturate with water/sweat (i.e., water-blocking). Methods: 32 young male subjects with different body mass indexes (BMI) in whole-body protection (N95 medical respirator + one-piece protective suit + head covering + protective face screen + gloves + shoe covers) were asked to simulate waste collecting from each isolated room in a seven-story building at 27-28°C, and the weight, inhalation resistance (Rf), and aerosol penetration of the respirator before worn and after water-blocking were analyzed. Results: All subjects reported water-blocking asphyxia of the N95 respirators within 36-67 min of the task. When water-blocking occurred, the Rf and 10-200 nm total aerosol penetration (Pt) of the respirators reached up to 1270-1810 Pa and 17.3-23.3%, respectively, which were 10 and 8 times of that before wearing. The most penetration particle size of the respirators increased from 49-65 nm before worn to 115-154 nm under water-blocking condition, and the corresponding maximum size-dependent aerosol penetration increased from 2.5-3.5% to 20-27%. With the increase of BMI, the water-blocking occurrence time firstly increased then reduced, while the Rf, Pt, and absorbed water all increased significantly. Conclusions This study reveals respirator water-blocking and its serious negative impacts on respiratory protection. When performing moderate-to-high-load tasks with whole-body protection in a hot environment, it is recommended that respirator be replaced with a new one at least every hour to avoid water-blocking asphyxia.

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics and the clinical outcomes of perianal abscess (PA) in neonates.Methods A retrospective review was performed on the collected data of 185 patients of PA in neonates prospectively admitted to Binzhou Medical University Hospital from January 2008 to December 2015.Patients were divided into 2 groups on the parents' intention:nonsurgical treatment and surgical treatment,the standard surgical treatment for PA was incision and drainage with the use of packing.The standard surgical treatment for PA was surgical incision drainage of lower abscess under local anesthesia by the use of filling tamponade iodoform gauze,while the patients receiving conservative treatment took hip bath perianally with topical 1 ∶ 5 000 potassium permanganate,besmearing erythromycin eye ointment outside locally.Incision-thread-drawing procedure was recommended in fistula-in-ano (FIA) after 6 months.Antibiotics were administered in all patients in the early days.The clinical data of age,gender,accompanying diseases,abscess amount and location,treatment approach,healing time and recurrence rates were analyzed with statistical method.Results All patients were boys,time of visiting hospital was 1-25 day,the average time 7.5 days;60 cases (32.4％)had neonatal diarrhea,45 cases (24.3％)had neonatal jaundice,but no patients had severe fever.A single skin lesion was present in 145 patients (78.4％),2 lesions in 30 patients (16.2％),and 10 patients had 3 lesions (5.4％).The most commonly affected sites were at 9 o'clock clockwise direction with 115 (62.2％)lesions on lithotomy position,followed by 3 o'clock clockwise direction with 65(35.1％) lesions by 1 o'clock clockwise direction with 3 (1.6％) lesions and 6 o'clock clockwise direction with 2 (1.1％) lesions.Bacteria cultures were obtained from 123 patients (90.4％,123/136 cases) of surgical treatment and 35 patients (71.4％,35/49 cases) of nonsurgical treatment obtained the results of bacteria culture.The average healing time was (21 ±2) days (10-60 days) in the surgical treatment group,and (36 ± 3) days (9-90 days) in the nonsurgical treatment group,7 out of 136(5.1％) patients had a recurrence with surgical treatment,incision drainage was performed again with the use of packing,and FIA was not found,10 out of 49 (20.4％) patients had a recurrence with nonsurgical treatment group,and 6 out of 49 (12.2％) were spontaneously resolves within the first year of life,4 out of 49 (8.1％) developed into FIA,incision-thread-drawing procedure was performed after 6 months.The significant difference was observed between and nonsurgical treatment and surgical treatment in healing time (t =-6.707,P =0.000),recurrence (x2 =11.347,P =0.001) and FIA formation rate (x2 =10.054,P=0.002).Conclusions PA is an entity in neonates.Incision and drainage of PA is an effective and safe therapy in the early days.Surgery for PA may result in low recurrence rates,a low rate of evolution toward FIA,and a short healing time,which should be considered as the primary treatment.The key procedure is to keep the drainage unobstructed by the use of filling gauze drainage to prevent crissum abscess recurrence.Postoperative care with antibiotics is effective to shorten hospital stays.