The kidneys removed from six female adult dogs were injected through the renal artery with ABS at a constant pressure between 33.3—33.7 kPa(250—280mmHg). Small specimens cut out from the kindneys were digested in 3％ trypsin solution for 48 hours and then eroded in 50％ HCl. The cast specimens were studied under the scanning electron microscope. The results were outlined as follows: 1. The corrosion-cast models of the renal glomerulus of the dogs observed under the SEM could be divided into three kinds: the spherical glomerulus, the chrysanthemum-like glomerulus and mixed glomerulus. 2. In general, the afferent and efferent arteriolae entered or exited at the hilum of glomerulus. Rarely, the efferent vessel left the glomerulus at the opposite side of the hilum. Anastomoses between the afferent and efferent or between the efferents vessels were found in our casts. 3. The capillary network of the juxtaglomerular apparatus was observed at the hilum of glomerulus in our casts. The diameters of the meshes of the capillary network were smaller than that of the vessels themselves.

Corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology(Corvis ST)is currently the most commonly used clinical device for assessing in vivo corneal biomechanics. The new parameter stress-strain index(SSI)has been a hot topic of clinical research in recent years, which not only directly reflect corneal biomaterial stiffness, but also closely correlates with the progression of certain diseases. SSI was generated based on the predictions of corneal behavior using finite element(FE)numerical modeling to simulate the effects of intraocular pressure and Corvis ST jets. The SSI algorithm does not change with central corneal thickness(CCT), intraocular pressure, or biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure(BIOP), but it is clearly associated with altered collagen fibres in the corneosclera. The principles of SSI, the relationship between age and SSI, the relationship between axial length and SSI, the relationship between myopia and SSI, and the application of SSI are summarized and concluded.

Objective: To confirm therapeutical effect of Yinlu jiangzhi capsule on experimental hyperlipemia in SD rats. Methods: Animal model of SD rats with experimental hyperlipemia were given different dosages of Yinlu jiangzhi capsule, and the changes of serum lipid concentrations were observed after drug treatment. Results:Using different dosages of Yinlu jiangzhi capsule, there were marked difference between serum lipid concentrations in experimental groups and that of control group. Conclusion:The results suggest that Yinlu jiangzhi capsule has obvious therapeutic effects on the experimental hyperlipemia in SD rats. [

A regions on the inner surface. This paper also discussed the relationship between nutrient foramen and the blood supply of the ilium.

China ; Counseling ; Female ; HIV Infections ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVETo analyze the survival time and its related factors among AIDS patients in Liangshan prefecture of Sichuan province from 1995 to 2012.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the information of 5 263 AIDS patients. The data were collected from Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Information Management System. Life table method was applied to calculate the survival proportion, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportion hazard regression model were used to identify the factors related to survival time.

RESULTSAmong 5 273 AIDS patients, 819 (15.6%)died of AIDS related diseases; 2 782(52.9%) received antiretroviral therapy. The average survival time was 126.7 (117.1-136.2) months, and the survival rate in 1, 5, 10, 15 years were 95.4%, 78.8%, 54.2%, and 31.8% respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant difference in survival time of age diagnosed as AIDS patients, nationality, transmission route, AIDS phase, CD4(+)T cell counts in the last testing, receiving antiretroviral therapy or not. Multivariate Cox regression showed age diagnosed AIDS below 50 years old ( < 15 years old:HR = 0.141, 95%CI:0.036-0.551;15-49 years old:HR = 0.343, 95%CI:0.241-0.489), HIV infection diagnosed phase (HR = 0.554, 95%CI:0.432-0.709), CD4(+)T cell counts last testing ≥ 350/µl (HR = 0.347, 95%CI:0.274-0.439) reduced the risk of dying of AIDS related diseases among AIDS patients. The patients having not received antiretroviral therapy had a higher risk of death(HR = 3.478, 95%CI:2.943-4.112) compared to those who received antiretroviral therapy.

CONCLUSIONSurvival time of AIDS patients was possibly mainly influenced by the age of diagnosed as AIDS patients, AIDS phase, CD4(+)T cell counts and whether or not received antiretroviral therapy. The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy could extend the survival time.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Rural Population ; Sexual Behavior ; Single Person ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE：To study the anti-inflammatory effects of Yuyang capsule on bacterial dermatitis model rats and its effect on TLR/NF-κ B pathway. METHODS：Minimum inhibition concentration （MIC）and minimal bactericidal concentration （MBC）of Yuyang capsule against Staphylococcus aureus were determined by microdilution test. Totally 50 SD rats were randomly divided into model group ，positive control group （amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium ，120 mg/kg as amoxicillin ），Yuyang capsules high-dose ，medium-dose and low-dose groups （according to MIC ），with 10 rats in each group. The model of bacterial dermatitis was established by using the burned skin of rats infected with S. aureus . 24 h after modeling ，administration groups were intragastrically given the corresponding drug ，and model group was intragastrically given the same amount of normal saline ，once a day，for consecutive 7 days. The skin healing rate was calculated on the 1st，3rd，5th and 7th day of administration ，and the scab formation，decrustation and healing were recorded. The contents of IL- 1β，IL-6，IL-10，TNF-α，hydroxyproline（HYP），collagen Ⅰ（Col Ⅰ）and Col Ⅲ in skin tissue were detected by ELISA. Morphology changes of skin tissues were observed by HE staining. The ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscope. Protein expression of TLR 2，TLR4 and p-NF-κB p65 were detected by Western blotting assay. RESULTS ：MIC and MBC of Yuyang capsule were 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL，respectively. Dose of Yuyang capsules high-dose ，medium-dose and low-dose groups were set at 600，300，150 mg/kg. Compared with model group，scab appeared on the injured skin 3 days after administration in Yuyang capsule high-dose and medium-dose groups ，and decrustation appeared on the injured skin of part mice 5-7 days after administration ；the skin healing rate of the positive control group，Yuyang capsule high-dose and medium-dose groups were all significantly increased at each time point. The contents of IL- 1 β，IL-6，IL-10 and TNF-α，pathological score ，protein expression of TLR 2，TLR4 and p-NF-κB p65 were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；the pathological changes such as inflammatory cell infiltration in skin tissue were improved. The contents of HYP，Col Ⅰ and Col Ⅲ were increased significantly in positive control group and Yuyang capsule high-dose group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There was no statistical significance in most above indexes in positive control group ，Yuyang capsule high-dose and medium-dose groups （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Yuyang capsule can promote skin healing of bacterial dermatitis model rats and shows certain anti-inflammatory effects ；the mechanism may be related to inhibiting TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing inflammatory response.

This paper compared the differences between two kinds of Bufonis Venenum produced by Bufo gargarizans gargarizans and B. gararizans andrewsi, and verified the rationality of the market value orientation of Bufonis Venenum based on the zebrafish mo-del. Twenty batches of Bufonis Venenum from Jiangsu province, Hebei province, Liaoning province, Jilin province, and Liangshan, Sichuan province, including B. gargarizans gargarizans and B. gararizans andrewsi, were collected. The UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS combined with principal component analysis was used to compare the differences between two kinds of Bufonis Venenum. According to the limiting conditions of VIP>1, FC<0.5 or FC>2.0, and peak total area ratio>1%, 9 differential markers were determined, which were cinobufagin, cinobufotalin, arenobufagin, resibufogenin, scillaredin A, resibufagin, 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-arenobufagin, 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-marinobufagin, and 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-resibufogenin. The content of 20 batches of Bufonis Venenum was determined according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the 2 batches of Bufonis Venenum, CS7(8.99% of total content) and CS9(5.03% of total content), with the largest difference in the total content of the three quality control indexes of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(bufalin, cinobufagin, and resibufogenin) were selected to evaluate their anti-liver tumor activity based on the zebrafish model. The tumor inhibition rates of the 2 batches were 38.06% and 45.29%, respectively, proving that only using the quality control indexes of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the value orientation of Bufonis Venenum market circulation was unreasonable. This research provides data support for the effective utilization of Bufonis Venenum resources and the establishment of a rational quality evaluation system of Bufonis Venenum.
Animals ; Zebrafish ; Bufanolides/analysis* ; Bufonidae ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Quality Control ; Cell Line, Tumor

OBJECTIVETo investigate the survival time and its impact factors among AIDS patients who initially received antiretroviral treatment (ART) of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the information of AIDS patients over 18 years old initially received ART in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture during 2005-2013, which were downloaded from Chinese AIDS Antiretroviral Therapy DATA Fax Information System. Cox proportion hazard regression model was used to identify impact factors related survival time.

RESULTSAmong 8 310 ART AIDS patients who initially received ART, their mean age was (34.59 ± 9.10) years old, 65.50% (5 443 cases) were infected with HIV through injecting drug use, the mean time from testing HIV positive to starting ART were (24.68 ± 21.69) months. 436 cases died of AIDS related diseases, 28.67% (125 cases) of them died within the first 6 months of treatment. The cumulative survival rate of receiving ART in 1, 2, 3, 4 5 years were 97.11%, 93.41%, 90.61%, 88.81%, 86.02%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the male patients receiveing ART were at a higher risk death of AIDS related diseases compared to the females (HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13-2.182), the patients infected with HIV through injecting drug use were at a higher risk deathcompared to the infected through heterosexual transmission (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.20-2.24), before the treatment patients with tuberculosis in recent1 year had higher death hazard as compared to those without tuberculosis (HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.05-2.21), in the treatment of the first 3 months of AIDS related diseases or symptoms of AIDS patients had higher death hazard as compared to those not suffer these diseases (HR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.39-2.34). The patients with baseline CD4 (+) T lymphocytes cell counts < 50/µl (HR = 9.79, 95% CI: 6.03-15.89), 50-199/µl (HR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.32-4.59), 200-349/µl (HR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.22-2.34), were at a higher risk death than those with CD4 (+) T lymphocytes cell counts ≥ 350/µl.

CONCLUSIONAccumulate survival rate was higher after initial antiretroviral treatment among AIDS patients in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province. AIDS patients who are males, have tuberculosis in recent year, infected HIV via route of intravenous drug use, with AIDS-related illness or symptoms in 3 months before ART, lower baseline CD4 (+) T lymphocyte count have higher risk of death.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; drug therapy ; mortality ; Adult ; Anti-Retroviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous ; Survival Rate ; Tuberculosis ; complications