In the report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007), inflammation was emphasized specially, and anti-inflammation therapy was also included in the treatment recommendations by severity level. Inflammation has been highly valued in the pathogenesis of dry eye recently. The management of dry eye through anti-inflammation therapy is also a hot point in recent years. What is the role of inflammation in the development of dry eye? This article mainly reviews the advancement of the study about their relevance in recent years.

Objective To investigate whether there is a thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in the eyes of diabetic patients and to analyze the relationship between RNFL thickness and several diabetic risk factors. Methods Forty-two type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged 47-70 years were enrolled in this study. All the subjects underwent ophthalmologic examinations and glaucoma diagnosis (GDx) nerve fiber analyzer scanning with two different modes: variable cornea compensation (VCC) and enhanced cornea compensation(ECC).The GDx parameters included the temporal-superior-nasal-inferior-temporal average (TSNITave), superior and inferior averages, the TSNIT standard deviation and the nerve fiber indicator (NFI). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was applied to study the diagnostic ability of indices. The association between risk factors and the NFI was studied. Results The area under the curve for the ROC of the NFI was the largest for both the ECC and VCC modes. There was a significant relationship between age and RNFL thinning. However, there was no significant association between diabetic duration and fasting blood glucose with RNFL thinning. The influence of age on NFI was greater in diabetic patients than in control subjects. Conclusions Age has an important influence on the NFI of diabetic patients. Diabetic patients with normal ocular fundus may have RNFL thinning.

Objective To evaluate the association of age and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by means of scanning laser polarimetry in a sample of healthy Chinese eyes. Methods One hundred and fifty eyes of 150 healthy subjects underwent RNFL scan in two different modes (Variable Cornea Compensation,VCC;Enhanced Cornea Compensation,ECC) of Glaucoma Diagnosis Variable Cornea Compensation Nerve Fiber Analyzer.The parameters included temporal-superior-nasal-inferior-temporal (TSNIT) average,superior average,inferior average,TSNIT standard deviation,and nerve fiber indicator (NFI). Results Mean values of TSNIT average,superior average,inferior average,TSNIT standard deviation and NFI in VCC mode were (57.12±6.26),(69.35±4.21),(67.59±7.06),(25.46±4.02),(17.35±7.59),while the parameters' values in ECC mode were (56.15±5.32),(68.24±6.63),(66.90±2.40),(24.80±6.76),(18.84±8.51),respectively.The differences between the values of VCC and ECC modes were not statistically significant.The parameters' values of total subjects were associated with age.But there were no significant associations between age and parameter values in the eyes of those older than 40 years old subjects. Conclusions There are no significant differences between the RNFL values detected by VCC and ECC modes in 150 healthy Chinese eyes.Age has influence on RNFL thinning in 21-70 years old healthy eyes,but not in the eyes of older than 40 years old people.

Objective To explore the differences of nerve conduction of lower limbs in general population with different nationalities in Xining region.Methods Physical examination and healthy volunteers in No.1 People's Hospital of Xining were collected.Two hundred and forty Hui people of them was Hui group.Two hundred and forty people with other ethnic minorities including Tibetan,Tu and Mongolian of them was mixed group.Two hundred and forty Han people of them was Han group.The nerve conduction of lower limbs in all the people were detected.And the differences were compared.Results The differences of nerve conduction of posterior tibial nerve among all the groups were not statistical significant (all P>0.05).The latent period of common peroneal nerve in Hui group was significantly longer than mixed group and Han group,the motor conduction velocity of which was significantly slower,the motor nerve action potential of which was significantly reduced (all P<0.05).The latent period of superficial peroneal nerve in Hui group was significantly longer than mixed group and Han group,the sensory conduction velocity of which was significantly slower,the sensory nerve action potential of which was significantly reduced (all P<0.05).The differences of nerve conduction of sural nerve among all the groups were not statistical significant (all P>0.05).The differences of nerve conduction of each group among different age periods were statistical significant(all P<0.05).Conclusions The nerve conduction of lower limbs in general Hui people in Xining region must be different with other general people.It must be noticed in clinical examination.

It mainly discusses the therapy of kidney edema on“Shanghan Lun”,which is caused by nephritis,nephrotic syndrome and renal failure.In addition to the manifestation and therapeutic principle of edema,the implication of some herbs combination is also described in detail.Meanwhile,some viewpionts are strengthened with concepts of modern medicine.In conclusion,Zhang Zhongjing puts importance on the etiology,pathogenesis of disease when treating edema.Therefore,ascending and discending Qi is highlightened as the general principle during the treatment of kidney edema.

Objective To investigate the effect of glutathione on serum IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in severe acute pancreatifis (SAP). Methods Thirty-six patients with SAP were randomly divided into glutathione treatment group and non-glutathione treatment group. Age-matched controls were enrolled from healthy volunteers. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were measured within 24 h of admission and the seventh day after admission. Results The serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in SAP patients were (81.34±5.99)ng/L, (97.81±15.61) ng/L and (28.21±1.53)ng/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than (16.69±2.86) ng/L, (26.42±1.59) ng/L and (15.89±1.41) ng/L in control group (P＜0.05). Seven days later, the serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in glutathione treatment group were (31.21±3.88)ng/L, (35.51±1.27)ng/L and (16.15±1.31)ng/L, respectively, and those in non- glutathione treatment group were (53.88±6.21 ) ng/L, (51.91±9.88) ng/L, (17.88±1.51 ) ng/L, redpectively. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α at the seventh day after treatment were lower than those before treatment and the decrease in glutathione treatment group was more significant (P＜0.05). Conclusions Glutathione may reduce the serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-＜ and may play a role in the treatment of SAP.

Objective To quantitatively assess anterior chamber angle of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary angle-closure (PAC) patients after laser pheripheral iridotomy (LPI) by spectral-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SD-AS-OCT),and investigate which parameters should be used in these patients and the clinical significance of these parameters in screening and follow-ups of glaucoma.Methods Fifty-five eyes of 40 patients diagnosed with PACG remission (11 eyes,8 patients),PAC (20 eyes,20 patients) or PAC suspect (24 eyes,12 patients) were examined.Each eye was examined by SD-AS-OCT at upper,lower,nasal,and temporal sides.Anterior chamber angle (ACA),trabecular iris angle (TIA),and trabecular iris space area (TISA500/750) were measured or calculated.All results were analyzed.Results The points from the inside to the corneal scleral spur 500 μm and 750 pm were selected,AOD,TIA,ACA,TISA at upper,lower,nasal,and temporal sides were measured,which were included into 500 series and 750 series.The mean values of TIA,ACA and AOD in the 500 series and 750 series were the largest in the temporal side and the lowest in the nasal side.The mean values of TISA measurement was the largest in the lower side and the smallest at the upper side.Pearson correlation analysis showed that TIA500 and ACA500 (r =0.799,P =0.00),TIA750 and ACA750 (r =0.799,P =0.00),TIA500 and TISA500 (r=0.919,P =0.00),TIA750 and TISA750 (r =0.920,P =0.00) had positive correlation.With TIA500 as independent variable x and TISA500 as dependent variable y,the regression equation was obtained:y =-0.300 + 0.005x (F =1195,P =0.00),which showed TISA500 and TIA500 were linearly positive correlated.With TIA750 as independent variable x,and TISA750 as dependent variable y,the regression equation was obtained:y =-0.440 + 0.009x (F =854,P =0.00),which showed TISA750 and TIA750 were linearly positive correlated.The coefficient of variation of the 750 series parameters were less than the 500 Series in the four directions.Conclusion SD-AS-OCT is an efficient tool for efficiency evaluation and follow-up during the course of PACG and PAC after LPI.For narrow angles,as the parameters of 750 series parameters have less variability,so 750 series are more recommended in clinical application.

Objective To establish the high myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in guinea pigs and to investigate the role of (matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor-2 of metalloproteinase (TIMP-2) in high myopic CNV.Methods Seventy-two 2-week-old guinea pigs were randomized into control group (n =36) and high myopia group (n =36).Right eyes were indued form deprivation high myopia for 6 weeks.Thirty guinea pigs were randomly selected in each group,and CNV were induced in the right eyes br the 532 nm laser.MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expressions were investigated by immunohistochemistry pre-laser and 7,14,21,28,35 days after laser induction,respectively,while MMP-2 and TIMP-2 relative expression levels in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid-sclera complex were detected by real-time PCR.Integral opitical density (IODs) of positive expression and mRNA relative expression levels of these factors were performed by statistical analyses.Results The expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were up-regulated in the two groups after laser photocoagulation through immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR examinations.Expression of MMP-2 peaked at 21 d and TIMP-2 at 28 d,respectively.IODs of positive expression and mRNA relative expression levels of MMP-2 were higher in high myopia group than those in control group at each inspective time point,and the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).TIMP-2 expression was significantly reduced in high myopia group compared with control group before laser photocoagulation (P＜0,05),while there was no significant difference between the two groups at each time point after laser photocoagulation.Conclusions MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were closely related to the formation of high-myopic CNV.Balance disorders of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 might participate in the occurrence and development of high-myopic CNV.

Objective To investigate the effect of diaphragm training on respiratory function and the activities of daily living after cerebral apoplexy.Methods Seventy-eight patients with post-stroke fatigue were randomly divided into a treatment group and a routine therapy group,each of 39.Both groups were given conventional rehabilitation treatment,while the treatment group was additionally provided with diaphragm muscle training.Before and after 4 weeks of treatment,both groups were evaluated using pulmonary function tests,a fatigue severity scale (FSS),Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment (FMA) and the modified Barthel index (MBI).Results Vital capacity,forced vital capacity,forced vital capacity during the first second,and especially the maximum ventilatory volume of the treatment group were all significantly improved after the treatment.There was also significant improvement in that group's average FSS score,but not in that of the control group.The average FMA and MBI scores for both groups had improved significantly after the intervention,with the average FMA score of the treatment group significantly higher than that of the control group.However,no significant differences in the average MBI score were observed after the treatment.Conclusion Diaphragm training can significantly improve motor function and the daily life of stroke survivors.The mechanism may be related to improved respiratory function and decreased severity of fatigue.

Objective To observe the protein expression , subcelluar localization of activated Pak 1 and its relation-ship with chromosome separation during meiosis in mouse oocytes .Methods Western blot was applied to analyze the expression of activated Pak1 (phosphorylated Pak1 at Ser204, pPak1Ser204 ) at different stages of meiotic progres-sion in semi-quantitative manner;immunofluorescent staining was employed to detect the sub-cellular localization of pPak1Ser204 and its spatial-temporal correlation with spindle and microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) during oo-cyte meiosis.Results pPak1Ser204 expression was found upon germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in mouse oo-cytes which increased along with the meiotic progression , reaching peak level at metaphase Ⅰ( MⅠ) , which re-mained up to meiosis Ⅱ(MⅡ).From pro-metaphase Ⅰ(pro-MⅠ) to MⅠand at MⅡstage, pPak1Ser204was co-localized with MTOC key components , pericentrin and γ-tubulin on spindle poles, pPak1Ser204 was also distributed on chromosomes;During anaphase Ⅰ(AⅠ) to telophase Ⅰ(TelⅠ) progression, pPak1Ser204 was detached from chromosomes and MTOC, and mainly concentrated on the cleavage furrow.Conclusions pPak1Ser204 is expressed upon meiotic resumption in oocytes .It is a MTOC-associated protein which may regulate chromosome separation through participating the formation and maintenance of spindle apparatus .