Objective To understand the sanitary status of the air conditioning system of public places and to discuss the countermeasure.Methods Fifty public places where the air conditioning system were used were selected as the research objects in September 2008.The questionnaires about the hygienic management, the air conditioning system and the cooling tower were used to investigate the basic situations of the air conditioning system in public places,and Legionella pneumophila(Lp) of cooling water in the cooling tower was detected.Results All the fifty public places didn't establish complete sanitary management system.90% of the cooling towers were less than one kilometer from the residential areas, schools, kindergartens, agedness flats and hospitals.And 18% of the cooling towers were less than one hundred meters from the walking streets and entertainment plaza.Moreover,8% of the public places had not fresh air, the air purification wasn't installed in 74% of the public places and sterilization equipments, and automatic or on-line sterilization equipments in the cooling towers weren't installed in all the public places.In addition, the positive rate of Legionella pneumophila in the cooling towers was 89.58%.Thereinto, the positive rate of Lp1 type(79.07%) of Legionella pneumophila was significantly higher than that of Lp2-Lp14 type(11.63%) as well as that of Lp1 type and Lp2-Lp14 type(9.30%)(P0.05).Conclusion The air conditioning systems of public places are being faced with some sanitary problems and the cooling water in the cooling tower was polluted with Legionella pneumophila.Therefore,it is suggested that its sanitary management should be reinforced and the sterilization management of cooling water as well as the shield between the cooling towers and the circumferences should be taken into account.

Objective To observe the intervention effect of Schisandrin B (Sch B) on cisplatin induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice and its possible mechanism.Methods Twenty-five BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model group, low and high dose of Sch B intervention groups and Sch B control group. Olive oil with Sch B was administered by gavage at the dose of 20 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for low and high dose of Sch B intervention groups respectively; olive oil with Sch B 100 mg/kg was applied by gavage to the Sch B control group; the same volume of olive oil was perfused into the gastric cavity in the blank control group and model group; the above measures in various groups were consecutively used for 5 days. On the 3rd day of the experiment, AKI mice model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20 mg/kg) once and the same measure was given to the low and high dose of Sch B intervention groups; 1 mL/kg normal saline was injected into the peritoneal cavity in the bland control group and Sch B control group. At the end of the experiment, the serum creatinine (SCr) level was determined; apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells were detected by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay; the morphological changes of renal tubular epithelial cells were observed by hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining, and renal tubular injury score was evaluated; p53 protein content in the kidney tissue was measured by immunohistochemical analysis; furthermore, expressional level of p53 protein in renal tissue was tested by Western Blot.Results Compared with the blank control group, the level of SCr (μmol/L: 86.77±10.97 vs. 14.37±0.81), renal tubular injury score (9.67±1.20 vs. 1.00±0.45), the count of apoptotic renal tubular epithelial cells (cells/200 power field: 20.00±2.13 vs. 2.30±0.40) in the model group were all increased (P < 0.05 orP < 0.01), and p53 protein content (cells/400 power field: 13.40±2.66 vs. 57.30±3.82), and the expression of p53 protein [absorbency (A value) ratio: 0.79±0.09 vs. 1.42±0.09] in model group were decreased (bothP < 0.01). Compared with the model group, in the low and high dose Sch B intervented groups, the level of SCr (μmol/L: 21.98±5.52 and 37.45±5.04), renal tubular injury score (5.67±0.76 and 6.17±0.65), the count of apoptotic renal tubular epithelial cells (cells/200 power field: 10.60±1.05 and 11.60±1.45) were all reduced (allP < 0.01), p53 protein content (cells/400 power field: 42.40±3.67 and 45.90±2.31) and the expression of p53 protein (A value ratio: 1.36±0.16 and 1.25±0.11) were increased (bothP < 0.01). HE staining showed the pathological changes of renal tubules, such as renal tubular epithelial cellular fusion, vacuolization, cast formation, and tubular lumen constriction/dilation in model group; the pathological changes in kidney tissues observed in low and high dose Sch B intervention groups were milder than those in model group.Conclusion Sch B plays a beneficial role in the cisplatin induced AKI in mice, and its protective effect might be mediated by decreasing SCr, regulating p53 protein expression level and inhibiting the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells.

Objective Vaccination is a most effective method for the prevention of severe diseases caused by pandemic influenza and microRNA ( miRNA) mediated gene silencing has offered a novel approach to the construction of new vaccines.Our study aimed to construct a recombinant influenza A ( H1 N1 ) virus with the PB1 gene that carries the target fragment of miRNA Let-7b. Methods After comparing the sequence of the A/Nanjing/108/2009 H1N1 viral fragments with that of Let-7b, we selected PB1 as the optimal gene sequence, inserted the Let-7b binding target gene into PB1, ligated the modified fragments with pDP 2000, and named the recombinant plasmids pDP-mu-PB1 and pDP-sclb-PB1, respectively.We co-transfected the MDCK and 293T cells with the recombinant and other seven plasmids and injected the supernatant into the allantoic cavity of the chickenembryo for virus propagation, followed by detection of the virus by hemagglutination ( HA) assay and measurement of the viral titer by TCID50 .We amplified the viral cRNA by RT-PCR and identified the viruses by agarose gel electrophoresis and nucleotide sequence analysis. Results PB1 was the optimal sequence ( 83 bp -107bp) for the attenuation of viruses.The HA-titers of miRT-H1N1 and scbl-H1N1 were 1∶32 and 1∶64, and their viral loads were 4.68 ×105 and 7.94 ×104 TCID50/mL, respectively.Nucleotide sequence analysis showed the expected fragment in the rescued virus. Conclusion A recombinant strain vaccine was successfully constructed, which has laid the foundation for fur-ther assessment of virulence.

Objective To explore the protective effects of schisandrin B (Sch B) on hypoxia injury induced by cobaltous chloride (CoCl2) in human proximal renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells, and the possible mechanism thereof. Methods HK-2 cells were randomly assigned to four groups:control group (Con, cells were untreated), CoCl2 group (CoCl2, cells were treated with 600μmol/L CoCl2 for 24 h), Sch B pretreat group (CoCl2+Sch B, cells were pretreated with 1μmol/L and 10μmol/L Sch B for 2 h) and Sch B group (Sch B, cells were treated with 1μmol/L and 10μmol/L Sch B for 2 h). CCK-8 kit was used to detect the cell viability of four groups. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptotic rate of four groups. The protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α) was assessed by Western blot assay. The expressions of HIF-1α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA were determined by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the control group, after treated with 600 μmol/L CoCl2, the cell viability was decreased, and the apoptosis was increased, the expressions of HIF-1α and iNOS mRNA were up-regulated in HK-2 cells. There was no significant difference in the expression of HIF-1α mRNA between control group and CoCl2 group. Compared with the CoCl2 group, after pretreated with 1μmol/L and 10μmol/L Sch B, the cell viability was increased and the apoptosis was decreased, the expressions of HIF-1α and iNOS were down-regulated in HK-2 cells. There were no significant differences in the cell viability and apoptotic rate between control group and Sch B group. Conclusion Pretreatment with Sch B can reduce the apoptosis of HK-2 cells by inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and iNOS mRNA, which shows protective effects on hypoxia injury.

Objective To explore the effect of schisandra chinensis fruit ethanol extract on nephrin and desmin ex-pression in adriamycin(ADR) induced podocyte injury in vitro. Methods Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes were treated with ADR for 24 h in vitro, then the medium was changed to medium with SE(250 mg/L)for 24 h. Podocytes were di-vided into four groups:control group,model group, SE intervention group and SE group. The expression of nephrin in podo-cytes was detected by immunofluorescence. Western Blot was employed to assess nephrin and desmin expression. Transcrip-tion level of nephrin and desmin were determined by qRT-PCR. Results Nephrin expression was distributed along the cell membrane in linear or granular pattern in control group and SE group. Fluorescence intensity in model group was lower than that of control group SE group and SE intervention group. There was no significant difference of nephrin and desmin protein and mRNA level between control group and SE group. Compared with the model group, protein and mRNA level of nephrin was lower than that of control group and SE intervention group. The protein expression and mRNA transcription of desmin in model group was higher than those in control group and SE intervention group (P＜0.05). Conclusion SE(250 mg/L)has no harmful effect on the podocytes in vitro. SE can protect the podocytes from damage by adriamycin in vitro. SE not only up-regulate the expression of nephrin, but also down-regulate of desmin expression.

Objective To explore the correlation between heart rate recovery after exercise test and disease severity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and assess its impact on the exercise capacity of COPD patients.Methods Arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary lung function test and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed in 60 patients with stable COPD and 50 healthy volunteers.Based on the heart rate recovery after exercise test, COPD patients were divided into normal heart rate recovery group(n =41)and abnormal heart rate recovery group(n =19).Results The COPD patients had lower exercise capacity(peak oxygen uptake as percentage of predicted value, peak VO2％ pred)(66 ± 15vs.89±11, P＜0.01), peak heart rate [(134±21)vs.(149±13)beats/min, P＜0.01], heart rate recovery[(18 ± 9)vs.(27 ± 10)beats/min, P ＜ 0.01] and higher resting heart rate [(83 ± 13)vs.(77 ± 13)beats/min, P ＜0.01] than the controls.Compared with normal heart rate recovery group, forced expiratory volume in one second as percentage of predicted(FEV1 ％ pred)and exercise capacity decreased more significantly in abnormal heart rate recovery group(38 ± 15 vs.52 ± 16, P＜0.05 and 57 ± 12 vs.71 ±14, P ＜0.01).Heart rate recovery was significantly correlated with FEV1％ pred and peak V O2％ pred(r=0.42, P ＜ 0.01 and r =0.52, P ＜ 0.01).Multivariate regression analysis showed that heart rate recovery and FEV1 ％ pred could be used as independent predictors of exercise capacity in COPD patients.Conclusion In COPD patients, heart rate recovery is correlated with the degree of disease severity and it may be an independent predictor of exercise capacity.

Objective: To establish a method for determing the trichloroethylene(TCE)and trichloroethanol(TCOH)in blood samples by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Methods: With this method,ether was used as extraction solvent and trichloromethane was used as an internal standard. The whole blood sample was extracted with ether, and dehydrated by anhydrous sodium sulfate. Then the analytes were separated on HP-5 capillary column(30m×0.32mm×0.15μm)and detected byECD.The retention time was for qualitative analysis and the internal standard was for quantitation. Results: The standard curves of TCE and TCOH showed significant linearity between 95.5μg/L-7640.0μg/L(r=0.9997)and 19.0μg/L-1520.0μg/L(r=0.9992). The average recovery was 95.5%-103.6%.The intra-day and inter-day precisions(RSD)were 2.5%-6.8%(n=6)and 1.6%-4.3%(n=6) respectively. The detect limit of TCE and TCOH were 2.10 μg/L and 0.56μg/L(S/N=3)respectively.The blood can be kept 7 days at-20℃ refrigerator without significantly loss. Conclusion This method is proved to be simple,practical and highly sensitive. It can satisfy the request for the determination of blood samples of humans exposed to TCE.

Objective To analyze the correlative differences in the cardiac surgery for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and non-nephropathy disease, and explore the cardiac perioperative nursing for patients with ESRD. Methods A single-center retrospective comparative analysis was conducted in patients with ESRD (ESRD group, 26 cases) and non-nephropathy disease (control group, 26 cases) treated with cardiac surgery from January 2004 to December 2016 in Peking University First Hospital. Postoperative laboratory indexes, the changes of indexes in the monitoring room and the blood transfusion were compared between two groups. Results At 0, 1 and 2 d after the surgery, hemoglobin levels of patients in ESRD group were significantly lower than those in the control group; creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in ESRD group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P< 0.01). Postoperative serum potassium levels in ESRD group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). The amount of erythrocyte and platelet transfusion in ESRD group were higher than those of control group (P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the ESRD group and the control group in the ventilator time, 24-hour pleural drainage and total thoracic drainage (P> 0.05). The duration of stay in ICU and postoperative hospital stay were (101.62±49.10) h and (28.23±20.44) d in the ESRD group, which were significantly longer than those in the control group [(71.35±33.10) h, (16.58±8.43) d]. Conclusions ESRD patients have a higher risk in the cardiac surgery when compared with patients with non-nephropathy disease. Therefore, nurses should pay attention to the perioperative electrolyte balance and infusion of blood products, as well as the prevention of postoperative complications and psychological nursing, to help patients with better prognosis.

Objective:To establish a method for determination of the butanone in urine by gas chromatography (GC) with pre-column derivation.Methods:For detecting of butanone in urine, potassium iodide and potassium dichromate were added into urine under acidic condition, sample derivatization was undertaken in 50 ℃ water bath for 60 min and the iodine butanone was extracted with n-hexane. After the sodium thiosulfate solution was used to remove excess iodine, urine samples were centrifuged at 10000 r/min for 5 min, then the supernatant was analyzed using temperature rising programming with the Agilent Hp-5 column (30 m×0.32 mm, 0.25 μm) and electron capture detector (ECD) as the detector. The detector temperature was 300 ℃, the inlet temperature was 200 ℃, and the carrier gas was nitrogen.Results:For detecting of butanone in urine, potassium iodide and potassium dichromate were added for derivatization under the acidic condition. After extraction and centrifugation, the supernatant directly put through column and detected by ECD. In present study, the sample pretreatment condition was optimized, the relative standard deviations of intra-day and inner-day, the spiked samples and its recovery were evaluated for analyzing the accuracy of the proposed method.Conclusion:This method has proved to be simple, efficient and highly sensitivity, it can be utilized for butanone detection in occupational population.

Objective: To establish a method for determination the S-phenylmercapturic acid in urine by dispersive solid-phase extraction using Humic Acid/Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanocomposite as adsorbent. Methods: The 5 ml of urine samples were adjusted to pH 1.0 and extracted by Fe3O4@HA. Then the analytes were separated on EC-C₁₈ capillary column and detected by HPLC-VWD. The S-phenylmercapturic acid was characterized by the retention time and quantified by peak area and external standard method. Results: The standard curves of SPMA showed significant linearity between 0.04~1.00 mg/L (r=0.999 7) . The average recovery was 94.2%~102.4%. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD) were 2.9~6.7% (n=6) and 3.1~7.5% (n=6) respectively. The detect limit of SPMA was 0.012 g/L (S/N=3) . Conclusion This method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate. It is applicable for determination of SPMA in the urine of works who were exposed to benzene.