MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small endogenous RNAs, which handle post-transcriptional gene regulation activity through targeting messenger RNAs.As the deep understanding of them, miRNAs had been found to participate in numerous basic biological processes, including the normal growth process of tissues and organs ,as well as the pathologic course of diseases.Different miRNAs may be involved in different tissues and organs, the same miRNA may have different expression in various physiological process or stages of pathological conditions.Now, the recent studies about the miRNAs in the lung development and pulmonary diseases were reviewed.

Although the cesarean section has become an effective means to solve dystocia,high - risk pregnan-cy and other critical obstetrical disease,but the morbidity rate and hospitalization rate of newborn did not decreased obviously because of the continuous increasing of cesarean section rate. Contrary,in recent years,many domestic and foreign researches have found that,compared with normal vaginal delivery babies,cesarean section newborn infants have higher related disease incidence rate after birth,especially respiratory distress sydrome,transient tachypnea of newborn infants,persistent pulmonary hypertension and infection,and more attention should be paid to the fact that cesarean section children are more prone to allergic and immune system diseases as well as neuropsychiatric related diseases. Therefore,this article aims at integrating the researches and providing an overview on recent and long - term effection on newborn infants.

Objective: To investigate the expression of the transcription factor GATA-4 in human heart development.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of GATA-4 in 45 normal human embryonic hearts of 6-23 gestational weeks.Results: In the early stage of the fetal heart morphogenesis,we observed no GATA-4 expression in the ventricle,weak expression in the atria and relatively high expression in the trabecular nets.With the heart development,the GATA-4 expression was enhanced in the atria,ventricle,trabecular nets and atrial-ventricular valves,as well as in the muscular and membranous interventricular septum,the highest in each part of the heart.Conclusion: The transcription factor GATA-4 plays an important role in human heart development.

Objective To investigate diagnostic methods and treatment of subcutaneous fat necrosis in neonate (ScFN). Methods The clinical data of a case with ScFN was reported and the etiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis were reviewed. Results The case was a 2 days female newborn delivered via cesarean section at full-term, and she came to hospital because of indurated nodules and plaques in the back and shoulders. Anti-infection treatment after admission was not effective. On the 10th day in hospital, the back lesions appear as soft and lfuctuant and then diagnosed as ScFN by biopsy which showed a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration and fatty degeneration. The patient was followed up with good prognosis. Conclusions ScFN is a benign self-limiting fat disease, mostly occurred in the first four weeks of full-term newborns with history of abnormal childbirth.

Objective To introduce the method of arthroscopically assisted closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation for intra-articular calcaneal fractures and to discuss its clinical indications, advantages and disadvantages. Methods From February 2003 to December 2004, 12 unilateral intra-articular calcaneal fractures were treated with the method of arthroscopically assisted closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation. 7 cases were males and 5 cases were females. The average age was 36.8 years (range, 23-61 years). 8 feet were on right side and 4 feet were on left side. The mechanism of injury was fall from a height in 11 cases and vehicle accident in 1 case. According to Sanders classification, 8 cases were type Ⅱ fractures(1 type ⅡA, 5 type ⅡB, 2 type ⅡC) and 4 cases were type Ⅲ fractures(2 type ⅢAB,1 type ⅢAC,1 type ⅢBC). Results Arthroscopy in the operation showed the fracture space and step were less than 1 mm. The preoperative X-ray film showed that B?觟hler angle was 18.4??5.8?, Gissane angle was 109.1??10.2?, calcaneal width was (35.9?2.2) mm. The postoperative X-ray film demonstrated that B?觟hler angle was 25.4??3.5?, Gissane angle was 118.1??6.4?, calcaneal width was (32.3?1.1) mm. The average follow-up of nine patients was 17.4 months (range, 10-25 months). According to Maryland foot score, all patients had satisfactory results with the mean score of 92.5 score (range, 82-100 score), 6 were excellent and 3 were good. None of the patients had re-displacement of fracture, significant lame or other late complications. They regained normal shape of foot and wore normal footwear. Conclusion Arthroscopically assisted closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation is an effective and applicable minimal-invasive treatment for Sanders type Ⅱ and selected type Ⅲ intra-articular calcaneus fractures. It can significantly reduce the risk of soft tissue injury and other complications while ensuring satisfactory reduction of the posterior calcaneal facet of the subtalar joint and reliable fixation.

Objective To study the management of enterostomy in children.Methods The clinical data of 425 cases of enterostomy in children were analyzed retrospectively.Results The primary diseases of 425 cases underwent enterostomy included:intestinal perforation(119 cases),intestinal necrosis(36 cases),necrotizing enterocolitis(45 cases),congenital megacolon(61 cases),congenital anal atresia with rectourethral fistula(86 cases),and congenital anal atresia with rectovaginal fistula(78 cases).Among the 425 cases,159 cases underwent small bowel enterostomy and 266 cases had colostomy;single-stoma enterostomy was done in 225 cases,and double-stoma enterostomy in 197 cases.Follow-up was acquired in 389 patients,and all the stomas were closed successfully.The closure time of small bovvel enterostomy was 1-3 month(ayerage 1.87 months)later,and of colostomy was 3-12 month(averag 4.95 months)later.Conclusions When an enterostomy is to be adopted in pediatric surgery,a suitable time and enterostomal location should be chosen according to the state of illness.The timing of enterostomy closure is also very important.

Objective To investigate the effects of plateletpheresis on blood conservation following cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods 20 patients undergoing open heart surgery were divided randomly into experiment and control groups.All patients underwent routine CPB.Plateletpheresis was performed in experiment group by using COBE SPECTRA.Other blood conservation approaches were similar in two groups.Results The number of platelets collected in experiment group exceeded 20% of total platelets of every patients.In the experiment group,less transfusion was need.The changes of Hb and Hct at every time point were similar in the two groups.Platelet counts,aggregation,and prothrombin time in the experiment group restored to preoperative levels significantly earlier than in the control group.The chest tube drainage at 2,4,8,and 16 h and the total drainage after operation were significantly lower in the experiment group than those in the control group.Conclusion By protecting platelets from destruction by extracorporeal circulation,plateletpheresis is beneficial to the recovery of haemostatic system.It is a useful blood conservation method.

Objective To investigate whether immunization mice with an immune tolerogenic vac-cine could inhibit the occurrence of allergic asthma through regulating the inflammatory T cells . Methods The BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 10 mice per group.The mice in different groups were treated with different immunization strategies , which were 100 μl of phosphate buffer ( PBS) for the negative control , 10 μg of ovalbumin for the unrelated antigen control , 10 μg of dexametha-sone for group 3, 10μg of ovalbumin protein and 10μg dexamethasone for group 4 and 100 μg of ovalbumin protein and 100 μg of dexamethasone for group 5.The mice were immunized subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 7, and 14.Seven days after the last immunization , all mice were used for the induction of allergic asthma . The incidences of asthma in mice from different groups were evaluated 24 hours after the induction .The eval-uation indicators included pathological changes in lung tissues , infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid , antibody in serum samples and allergic responses .Results Immunization mice with the immune tolerogenic vaccine significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung tissues , de-creased the levels of IgE and IgG 1 antibodies in serum samples and alleviated the injuries and pathological changes in lung tissues.However, the percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cells to CD4+T popu-lations were significantly increased .Moreover, immunization mice with the tolerogenic vaccine could inhibit the expression of Th2 type cytokines .Conclusion Immunization mice with the tolerogenic vaccine could in-duce high levels of regulatory T cells , reduce the infiltration of inflammatory T cells in lung tissues and in-hibit the expression of Th2 cytokines, resulting in the inhibited occurrence of asthma in the murine model .

Objective To investigate the relationship between abnormalities of maternal serum markers in Down syndrome screening in second trimester and adverse pregnancy outcome.Methods Totally,1935 pregnant women were screened for Down syndrome with maternal serum tri marker with time-resolved fluorescence assay,including alpha fetoprotein (AFP),free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and unconjugated estriol (uE3),between 15 and 20+6 gestational weeks at Peking Union Hospital from January 1,2009 to January 31,2011,and were followed up till delivery.The relationship between incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and women with normal or abnormal levels of serum markers in Down syndrome screening was investigated.T-test or Chi-square test were applied for statistical comparison.Results (1) Among the 1935 pregnant women,normal levels of serum markers were found in 1255(normal group) and 680 were abnormal(abnormal group),in which 577 with only one abnormal serum marker,89 with two and 14 with three abnormal serum markers.According to the serum marker level,the 577 women with one abnormal serum marker were further divided into five groups,including high AFP group (n=17),low AFP group (n=114),high β-hCG group (n=242),low β-hCG group (n=139) and low uE3 group (n=65).The birth weight of infants in lower AFP group and the gestational age at delivery in low β-hCG group were greater than those in normal group [(61.3±9.1) kg vs (59.5±8.3) kg,(272.6±11.8) d vs (274.4±10.1) d,t=2.21 and 1.99,both P＜0.01].(2) The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in normal group was 42.8％(537/1255),while comparing with the abnormal group(43.7％,297/680),no statistical significance was shown (RR =1.02,P =0.71).While comparing with the normal group,the incidences of placenta previa [25.5％ (32/1255) vs 2/17,RR=4.61,P＜0.05] and abnormal placental morphology were higher in high AFP group [4.1％ (51/1255) vs 5/17,RR=7.24,P＜ 0.05],the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was higher in low AFP group [8.1％ (101/1255) vs 14.4％(16/114),RR=1.74,P＜0.05],the incidence of placenta and membrane retention was higher in high β-hCG group [3.5％ (44/1255) vs 6.2％(15/242),RR=1.77,P＜0.05],the incidence of pre-eclampsia was higher in low β-hCG group [1.7％ (21/1255) vs 6.5％ (9/ 139),RR=3.87,P＜0.05].(3) There were 89 women with two abnormal serum markers.Comparing with the normal group,the incidences of small for gestional age (SGA) infants,oligohydramnios,abruptio placenta were higher in women with low AFP but high β-hCG [SGA infants:6.9％(2/29) vs 1.8％(22/1255),RR=3.94; oligohydramnios:20.7％(6/29) vs 6.4％(80/ 1255),RR=3.24; both P＜0.05],the incidences of oligohydramnios was higher in women with both low AFP and low uE3[3/14 vs 6.4％(80/1255),RR=3.36,P＜0.05],the incidence of premature birth and GDM were higher in women with both low β-hCG and low uE3 [premature birth:2/6 vs 4.3％(54/1255),RR=7.75; GDM:3/6 vs 8.0％ (101/1255),RR=6.21; both P＜0.05].(4) There were 14 women with three abnormal serum markers.The relationship between adverse outcome and abnormal serum markers did not show any statistical significance.Conclusions The abnormality of serum markers of Down syndrome screening is closely related to adverse pregnancy outcomes,and women with abnormal serum markers should be carefully monitored during pregnancy.