Invasive fungal infection is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants.Extremely preterm and extremely low birth weight infants are at highest risk because of the intensive and invasive nature of the care that these infants receive.How to prevent and treat the invasive fungal infection in preterm infants has become a new hot spot in the neonatologists.This review focused the progress on treatment and prevention of invasive fungal infections in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that 160 mg/L tramethylpyrazine (TMP) can inhibit the proliferation of endothelial cells cultured in vitro,but whether TMP also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)induced proliferation of vascular endothelial cells remains unkown. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of rat serum containing TMP on vascular endothelial cell proliferation and its proliferation induced by VEGF. DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment. SETTING: College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences. MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Pediatrics, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences from March, 2002 to March, 2003 using human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) line ECV304 and 30 female Wistar rats. METHODS: Thirty rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups to receive intraperitoneal TMP injection at 143.0 mg/kg and 71.5 mg/kg and 0.8 mL normal saline (blank control group). All the injections were performed once a day for consecutive 7 days, then blood was collected from the intraperitoneal artery and diluted to 20％, 10％, and 5％ in triplicate.Effect of TMP-containing serum on the proliferation of ECV304 cells was observed by means of in vitro culture and 3H-TdR incorporation as well as methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Effect of TMP-containing serum on proliferation of ECV304 cells in in vitro culture and VEGF-induced proliferation of the cells.RESULTS:All the 30 rats survived the experiment without losses. The absorbance (A) and scintillation counting (minute-1) of the cells were significantly lower in 143.0 mg/kg TMP group than those in the control group treated with rat serum at the dilution of 5％ (0.720±0.024 vs 0.816±0.068,3340.45±567.7 vs 5120.84±301.49), 10％ (0.630±0.017 vs 0.798±0.015,2430.06±265.98 vs 5225.83±100.10), and 20％ (0.765±0.027 vs 0.823±0.031,3570.45±130.52 vs 5256.82±183.18), and those in 71.5 mg/kg TMP group were also significantly lower than those in the control group after treatment with the serum of 10％ (0.775±0.023, 4571.14±275.39) and 20％(0.749±0.012, 3287.25±144.82). In the experiment evaluating the effect of TMP serum on VEGF-induced proliferation of ECV304 cells, the A value and scintillation counting in the 143.0 mg/kg TMP group were significantly lower than those in the control group after the cells were treated with the serum of 5％ (0.726 ±0.004 vs 0.964 ±0.004, 5760.46 ±49.64 vs 9821.82±128.05), 10％ (0.712±0.004 vs 0.933±0.014, 5024.48±100.57 vs 9052.76±65.19), and 20％ (0.717±0.003 vs 0.924±0.004, 5405.45±140.90vs 9197.07±169.92], and those of the cells treated with 71.5 mg/kg TMP serum of 10％ and 20％ were also significantly lower than those in the control group (0.703±0.005 and 7526.47±169.21 for 10％ serum, and 0.693±0.006 and 5720.09±279.03 for 20％ serum). CONCLUSION: The sera at the concentrations of 5％,10％, and 20％from rats treated with 143 mg/kg TMP and at higher concentrations from 71.5 mg/kg TMP-treated rats can inhibit the proliferation of ECV 304 in in vitro culture as well as VEGF-induced proliferation of the cells.

The development of cardiovascular system in very premature infants is immature.Hypotension and patent ductus arteriosus are common problems in the few days of life.The enormous difference that these infants receive cardiovascular support may affect the morbidity and mortality.Volume expansion,inotropes,cyclooxygenase inhibitor and glucocorticoid is commonly used drugs,but when and how to treat for these extremely low birth weight infants with cardiovascular problems has been plagued by clinical doctors.

Objective To detect the psychological motivation and emotion experience of the female who enter the two and more IVF-ET treatment cycle.Methods Qualitative description was adopted.The data of 10 females who enter two and more IVF-ET treatment cycle were collected with informed consents through deep interview and were analyzed by phenomenology analytic process.Results There were 4 types of contents and themes for the patients during treatment,including the psychological motivation,emotion experience and adjusting methods of the female who entered the two and more IVF-ET treatment cycle,and the feedback on therapeutic milieu of center for reproductive medicine and working attitude toward medical staff.Conclusions The females who enter the two and more IVF-ET treatment cycle experience complex feelings and the majority of them are in a relative positive mood.The support and encouragement from the doctors and nurses play an important role in strengthening the confidence of patients and helping them stick with treatment.

Application of sustained lung inflation (SLI)during neonatal resuscitation can increase alveolar opening,promote lung fluid absorption and maintain the appropriate functional residual capacity (FRC) which can complete the transition from fetal phase of respiratory system to neonatal period.In recent years,SLI has also been confirmed by a large number of animal experiments and clinical studies,and it is expected to be practically applied in the resuscitation of newborns.However,more randomized controlled trials with a large number of samples is required for exploring suitable populations,methods of operation,and recent or long-term effects on newborns.Now,the application and research of SLI in neonatal resuscitation are described.

patients with chronic alcoholic polyneuropathy (CAPN ) were described. They were all male with age rainging from 33 to 70 years (mean age 53. 7). The cardinal symptoms are. pain and numbness in the extremities, stocking and glove decreased of pain and temperature sense in the legs and arms, the loss of vibration sense and muscule atrophy. The motion nerve conducting velocity (MCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) all are slowed in varying degrees. Superficial peroneal nerve biopsy identified myelin degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers, axonal degeneration or disappearance, degeneration of Schwann cell and also involved perineurium. The change was due to avitaminosis for long-term drinking.

The calcium antagonist action of arctigenin (ACT) was studied in order to verify the ef-fect of Fructus Arctii for the relieve of exterior syndrome. Muscular contraction of isolated rat trachea,colon, pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta induced by KC1, that of guinea pig trachea induced by CaCI2,before and after the addition of ACT were assessed and their contraction-response curves drawn and PD'2calculated according to Scott. The inhibition rate of two-phase contraction of guinea pig trachea induced byacetylcholine chloride (Ach) in comparison with verapamil (VER) was calculated. Results of the studyshowed that ACT could non-compatitively antagonize the muscular contraction of the test specimens withPD'2 of 4.01, 5.11, 5.98 and 6.05 respectively. Similar to VER, ACT could non-competitively antagonizethe isolated guinea pig trachea with PD'2 of 4.04 and 5.62 respectively. Both of them could inhibit thefirst phase contraction induced by Ach with inhibition rates of 66.14% and 81.42% respectively. It wasconcluded that ACT, as the active constituent of Fructus Arctii, relaxed smooth muscle contraction byblocking the potential dependant Ca2+ channel and the internal release of Ca2+.

Objective To explore the relationship between TSLC-1 protein expression and the progression and carcinogenesis of human papillary thyroid carcinogenesis. Methods Expressions of TSLC-1 protein in 20 pieces of benign thyroid lesions and 40 pieces of papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results The expression of TSLC-1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (9/40) was lower than that in benign thyroid lesions (22.50% versus 90.00%, P < 0.05). Expression of TSLC-1 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and TNM in papillary thyroid carcinoma (P < 0.05). Conclusions Expression of TSLC-1 is closely related with carcinogenesis , lymph node metastasis , and clinical stage in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Extractum Sophorae Flavescentis(ESF) against Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro.METHODS Determination of antibacterial activity of ESF against 208 strains S.epidermidis was performed by using agar dilution method.RESULTS The antibacterial efficiency of ESF against 208 strains of S.epidermidis was good,and the MIC90 of that against 110 strains of MRSE and 98 strains of MSSE were 1185 ?g/ml and 0.286 ?g/ml,respectively.CONCLUSIONS Extractum Sophorae Flavescentis has strong antibacterial activity against 208 strains of S.epidermidis.

These six aspects are discussed,including perfect management institutions,the development of management measures,strict quality control,the different management and update optimization,and the establishment of the reward and punishment systems. It aims to strengthen management,improve the management of field medical equipment and maintain in good condition. Update optimization in practice and quality improvement of field medical equipment are required for suitable rescue,treatment needs in peacetime and wartime.