Objective To investigate the possible risk factors for prognosis of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in children and to improve the recognition of the disease.Methods The study included 62 DAH pediatric patients hospitalized from January, 2006 to January, 2016. Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. According to the basic diseases, children were divided into immune associated DAH and non-immune associated DAH to explore the effect of early glucocorticoid treatment on the two groups of DAH. Based on the prognosis, the patients were divided into the death group and the survival group to analyze its related risk factors.Results Of the 62 patients, 20 were of immune associated DAH, 42 of non-immune associated DAH. There was no signiflcant difference of early treatment with glucocorticoid between the two groups (P>0.05). In our cohort, 30 patients died, the total mortality was 48.4% (30/62). Pediatric critical illness score may be the independent risk factor for DAH mortality.Conclusions DAH is an acute, life-threatening event, the lower the pediatric critical illness score, the higher risk of death.

Objectives To analyze the clinical manifestation of pulmonary injury in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods The clinical data of 8 SLE children with onset of respiratory symptoms as the first sign were retrospectively analyzed from January 2011 to December 2015.Results In these 8 children (4 females and 4 males) aged 6-15 years old.All of them presented cough,and 7 cases had fever,5 cases had anhelation,3 cases had hemoptysis,3 cases had stethalgia,3 cases had dyspnea and 3 cases had cyanosis.The types of pulmonary injury were pleural efthsion in 5 cases (62.5％),acute lupus pneurnonitis in 4 cases (50.0％),chronic interstitial pneumonia in 2 cases (25.0％),and pneumorrhagia in 2 cases (25.0％).In 7 children who performed chest high resolution CT examination,it showed that 5 cases had ground-glass shadow,5 cases had pleural effusion,5 cases had enlargement of mediastinum or lymph nodes,and 4 cases had segmental pulmonary consolidation.After treatment of the primary disease,the respiratory symptoms and pulmonary images were improved rapidly in 7 cases,and one case died of pneumorrhagia.Conclusion The clinical ministrations in SLE children with onset of respiratory symptoms as the first sign were not specific,and it was usually confused with respiratory infection.However,it usually had other organs involved and the chest imaging was more commonly showed groundglass shadow,segmental pulmonary consolidation,and pleural effusion.

Objective To analyze the clinical feature and common etiology of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in children. Methods Clinical data from 138 children with initially diagnosed DAH were retrospectively analyzed. The etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis had been summarized. Results Among 138 children, 76 were male and 62 were female. The clinical features are pallor ( 130 cases, 94 . 2%), cough ( 86 cases, 62 . 3%), fever ( 74 cases, 53 . 6%), anhelation ( 67 cases, 48 . 6%), hemoptysis ( 59 cases, 42 . 8%) and dyspnea ( 43 cases, 31 . 2%). Chest imaging changes were mainly patch shadow and ground glass shadow. Moreover, the detection rate of hemosiderin cells in sputum, gastric juice and bronchoalveolar lavage lfuid was 90 . 8%( 79/87 ). The common underlying diseases that caused DAH were idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ( 65 cases), hematological system disease ( 22 cases), vascular inlfammatory diseases ( 15 cases), infectious diseases ( 14 cases) and cardiovascular disease ( 5 cases). The mortality rate in acute phase of DHA was 23 . 2%( 32/138 ). Conclusions DHA is a life-threatening clinical emergency disease, its cause was complex and diverse, and the acute mortality rate is high. Glucocorticoid is the ifrst choice of treatment for majority of patients.

Objective To explore the factors influencing serum trough concentration of vancomycin in pediatric patients with severe gram-positive cocci pneumonia. Methods The general information, the biochemical test results, and plasma concentration of vancomycin were collected from 93 pediatric patients with severe gram-positive cocci pneumonia. The relative factors influencing trough concentration of vancomycin were analyzed retrospectively. Results With the dosage of 40-60 mg/(kg·d), serum trough concentration of vancomycin were between 10-20 mg/L in 26 patients, <10 mg/L in 54 cases, ≥20 mg/L in 13 cases. The ALT, AST, GFR, and γ-GT were significantly different among three groups (P<0.05); the 10-20 mg/L group had the highest levels of AST and γ-GT, the ≥20 mg/L group had the highest level of ALT and the lowest level of GFR. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that GFR was negatively linearly correlated with the serum trough concentration of vancomycin (R2=0.039, P<0.05). The median serum trough concentration of vancomycin in pediatric patients with GFR≥90, 60–90, 30–60 mL/(min·1.73m2) were 8.66, 18.21, 8.45 mg/L respectively, and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The serum trough concentration of vancomycin is negatively linearly correlated with GFR in pediatric patients with severe gram-positive cocci pneumonia. The patients with impaired renal function are easier to reach the target serum trough concentration of vancomycin. Clinical use of vancomycin should follow the low doses in the range the guideline recommended, and the serum trough concentration should be closely monitored.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of serum vancomycin concentrations and its clinical therapeutic effects. Methods Serum vancomycin concentrations of 59 children diagnosed with severe Gram positive cocci pneumonia and treated with vancomycin were retrospectively analyzed. Vancomycin concentrations, biochemical values and disease status of patients were analyzed. Results The serum vancomycin concentrations of severe Gram positive cocci pneumonia children accompanied by acyanotic congenital heart disease was significantly higher than those without congenital heart disease, ( 12 . 12 mg/L vs 7 . 76 mg/L, P=0 . 008 ). The therapeutic effect of 40-60 mg/(kg·d) dosage group was signiifcantly higher than that of?60 mg/(kg·d) dosage group. Acute liver function damage and moderate/severe anemia may be risk factors for poor therapeutic effects to severe Gram positive cocci pneumonia children (P?

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of children with invasive pneumococcal di-sease (IPD) and the sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) isolates to antibacterial drugs, so as to provide the reference for diagnosis and treatment of IPD. Methods:The clinical data of IPD patients in the Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2014 to December 2018 as well as the drug sensitivity results of SP isolates were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The male to female ratio of 139 patients enrolled was 1.5∶1.0.One hundred and sixteen (83.5%) patients were under 5 years old.Of the 31 patients (22.3%) with underlying diseases, 7 patients (5.1%) had hematological malignancy, 6 patients (4.3%) had congenital heart diseases, and 18 patients (12.9%) were immunosuppressed.The common sources of infection were the respiratory system (59.0%, 82/139 cases) and the central nervous system (28.8%, 40/139 cases). The in-hospital mortality rate among them was 15.8% (22/139 cases). More than 90.0% of the SP isolates were insusceptible to Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Clindamycin, and 74.8% (104/139 cases) of the isolates were insusceptible to Meropenem.The susceptibility rate of SP isolates to Amoxicillin was 69.1% (96/139 cases). The SP isolates were completely susceptible to Vancomycin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin and Ofloxacin.Meningitis isolates had lower susceptibility rates to Penicillin (10.0% vs. 54.5%, P<0.001) and Cefotaxime (32.5% vs. 74.7%, P<0.001) than those in nonmeningitis isolates. Conclusions:Children under 5 years old with underlying diseases are susceptible to IPD and have a high mortality rate.The SP isolates in children with IPD are highly insusceptible to Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin and Meropenem, and completely susceptible to Vancomycin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin and Ofloxacin.Meningitis isolates are less susceptible to Penicillin and Cefotaxime than non-meningitis isolates.